Katana VentraIP

Common Security and Defence Policy
(European Defence Union)

1999 (as the European Security and Defence Policy)

Military (MPCC) and Civilian (CPCC) Planning and Conduct Capabilities, Kortenberg building, Brussels, Belgium

1,410,626 (2016)[1]

2,330,803

€223.4 billion ($249.3 billion) (2018)[2]

1.5% (2020)[3]

The CSDP involves the deployment of military or civilian missions to preserve peace, prevent conflict and strengthen international security in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter. Military missions are carried out by EU forces established with secondments from the member states' armed forces. The CSDP also entails collective self-defence amongst member states[a] as well as a Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in which 26 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural integration. The CSDP structure – headed by the Union's High Representative (HR/VP), Josep Borrell, and sometimes referred to as the European Defence Union (EDU) in relation to its prospective development as the EU's defence arm[4][5][6][b] – comprises:


The EU command and control structures are much smaller than the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Command Structure (NCS), which has been established for territorial defence. It has been agreed that NATO's Allied Command Operations (ACO) may be used for the conduct of the EU's missions. The MPCC, established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, is the EU's first permanent military OHQ. In parallel, the newly established European Defence Fund (EDF) marks the first time the EU budget is used to finance multinational defence projects.


Decisions relating to the CSDP are proposed by the High Representative, adopted by the Foreign Affairs Council, generally requiring unanimity, to be then implemented by the High Representative.

the of the European Commission

Defence Industry Directorate-General

relevant sections of the (EEAS) — including the Military Staff (EUMS) with its so-called Military Planning and Conduct Capability (MPCC)

External Action Service

a number of (FAC) preparatory bodies – such as the Military Committee (EUMC)

Foreign Affairs Council

four , including the Defence Agency (EDA)

agencies

The CSDP involves military or civilian missions being deployed to preserve peace, prevent conflict and strengthen international security in accordance with the principles of the United Nations Charter. Military missions are carried out by EU forces established with contributions from the member states' armed forces. The CSDP also entails collective self-defence amongst member states[a] as well as a Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO) in which 26 of the 27 national armed forces pursue structural integration. The CSDP structure, headed by the Union's High Representative (HR/VP), Josep Borrell, comprises:


While the EU has a command and control (C2) structure, it has no standing permanent military structure along the lines of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Allied Command Operations (ACO), although it has been agreed that ACO resources may be used for the conduct of the EU's CSDP missions. The MPCC, established in 2017 and to be strengthened in 2020, does however represent the EU's first step in developing a permanent military headquarters. In parallel, the newly established European Defence Fund (EDF) marks the first time the EU budget is used to finance multinational defence projects. The CSDP structure is sometimes referred to as the European Defence Union (EDU), especially in relation to its prospective development as the EU's defence arm.[4][5][6][c]


Decisions relating to the CSDP are proposed by the HR/VP, adopted by the FAC, generally requiring unanimity, and then implemented by the HR/VP. The EU command and control (C2) structure is directed by political bodies composed of member states' representatives, and generally requires unanimous decisions. As of April 2019:[14]

All figure entries in the table below are provided by the European Defence Agency for the year 2017, except for Germany's personnel figure, which is for 2016. Figures from other sources are not included.

The "operations & maintenance expenditure" category may in some circumstances also include finances on-top of the nations defence budget.

The categories "troops prepared for deployed operations" and "troops prepared for deployed and sustained operation" only include land force personnel.

European Union–NATO relations

European Union as an emerging superpower

European countries by military expenditure as a percentage of government expenditure

Neutral country § European Union

Other defence-related EU initiatives:


Other Pan-European defence organisations (intergovernmental):


Regional, integorvernmental defence organisations in Europe:


Atlanticist intergovernmental defence organisations:

Book – What ambitions for European defence in 2020?, European Union Institute for Security Studies

Book – European Security and Defence Policy: The first 10 years (1999–2009), European Union Institute for Security Studies

Book - Smith, Michael E. (2017). (Cambridge University Press).

'Europe's Common Security and Defence Policy: Capacity-Building, Experiential Learning, and Institutional Change'

Exhaustive guide on ESDP's missions, institutions and operations, written and edited by the Permanent representation of France to the European Union.

"Guide to the ESDP" nov.2008 edition

Dijkstra, Hylke (2013). Policy-Making in EU Security and Defense: An Institutional Perspective. European Administrative Governance Series (Hardback 240pp ed.). Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.  978-1-137-35786-1.

ISBN

Nugent, Neill (2006). The Government and Politics of the European Union. The European Union Series (Paperback 630pp ed.). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.  9780230000025.

ISBN

Howorth, Joylon (2007). Security and Defence Policy in the European Union. The European Union Series (Paperback 315pp ed.). Palgrave Macmillan, New York.  978-0-333-63912-2.

ISBN

PhD Thesis on Civilian ESDP - EU Civilian crisis management (University of Geneva, 2008, 441 p. in French)

Hayes, Ben (2009). . Statewatch: Newsletter (Paperback, 84 pp ed.). Transnational Institute/Statewatch. ISSN 1756-851X.

"NeoConOpticon: The EU Security-Industrial Complex"

Giovanni Arcudi & Michael E. Smith (2013). , European Security, 22(1): 1–20, DOI:10.1080/09662839.2012.747511

The European Gendarmerie Force: a solution in search of problems?

Teresa Eder (2014). , Der Standard, 5 Februar 2014.

Welche Befugnisse hat die Europäische Gendarmerietruppe?

Alexander Mattelaer (2008). , IES Working Paper 5/2008.

The Strategic Planning of EU Military Operations – The Case of EUFOR Tchad/RCA

Benjamin Pohl (2013). , European Security, 22(3): 307–325, DOI:10.1080/09662839.2012.726220

The logic underpinning EU crisis management operations

Danish Institute of International Studies.

"The Russo-Georgian War and Beyond: towards a European Great Power Concert"

U.S Army Strategic Studies Institute (SSI), Archived 8 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Army War College, October 2010

Operation EUFOR TCHAD/RCA and the EU's Common Security and Defense Policy.

Mai'a K. Davis Cross University of Michigan Press, 2011.

"Security Integration in Europe: How Knowledge-based Networks are Transforming the European Union."

Butler, Graham (2020). (PDF). European Foreign Affairs Review. 25 (1): 117–150. doi:10.54648/EERR2020008. S2CID 216432180.

"The European Defence Union and Denmark's Defence Opt-out: A Legal Appraisal"

European External Action Service

Security and Defence

Council of the European Union

EU cooperation on security and defence

CFSP operational instrument: A proposed CSDP evolution in the Eurocorps and ESDI in NATO