Katana VentraIP

Mitral stenosis

Mitral stenosis is a valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the opening of the mitral valve of the heart.[1] It is almost always caused by rheumatic valvular heart disease. Normally, the mitral valve is about 5 cm2 during diastole. Any decrease in area below 2 cm2 causes mitral stenosis. Early diagnosis of mitral stenosis in pregnancy is very important as the heart cannot tolerate increased cardiac output demand as in the case of exercise and pregnancy. Atrial fibrillation is a common complication of resulting left atrial enlargement, which can lead to systemic thromboembolic complications such as stroke.[2]

Mitral stenosis

Cardiology

  • dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
  • Palpitations
  • Chest pain
  • Hemoptysis
  • Ascites, edema and hepatomegaly

Late Stage:

  • Thromboembolism

rheumatic fever, rheumatic heart disease

Physical Examination, Chest X-ray, Echocardiography, Electrocardiography

Mitral valve replacement, mitral valvuloplasty

symptoms, such as dyspnea on exertion, orthopnea and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea (PND)[3]

Heart failure

[3]

Palpitations

[3]

Chest pain

[3]

Hemoptysis

[3] in later stages when the left atrial volume is increased (i.e., dilation). The latter leads to increase risk of atrial fibrillation, which increases the risk of blood stasis (motionless). This increases the risk of coagulation.

Thromboembolism

and edema and hepatomegaly (if right-side heart failure develops)[3]

Ascites

- due to back pressure and buildup of carbon dioxide (CO2). CO2 is a natural vasodilator.[12]

Malar flush

- irregular pulse and loss of 'a' wave in jugular venous pressure

Atrial fibrillation

Left - presence of right ventricular hypertrophy due to pulmonary hypertension

parasternal heave

Tapping apex beat that is not displaced

Any angina is treated with short-acting , beta-blockers and/or calcium blockers[11]

nitrovasodilators

Any is treated aggressively, but caution must be taken in administering beta-blockers[11]

hypertension

Any is treated with digoxin, diuretics, nitrovasodilators and, if not contraindicated, cautious inpatient administration of ACE inhibitors[11]

heart failure