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Mohammad Mosaddegh

Mohammad Mosaddegh[a] (Persian: محمد مصدق, IPA: [mohæmˈmæd(-e) mosædˈdeɢ] ;[b] 16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967) was an Iranian politician, author, and lawyer who served as the 30th Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953, elected by the 16th Majlis.[4][5] He was a member of the Iranian parliament from 1923, and served through a contentious 1952 election into the 17th Iranian Majlis,[6] until his government was overthrown in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état aided by the intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom (MI6) and the United States (CIA), led by Kermit Roosevelt Jr.[7][8] His National Front was suppressed from the 1954 election.[9]

Mohammad Mosaddegh

Himself

Assadollah Ghadimi

30,738 (ranked 1st)

Ranked 1st

Ranked 3rd

Mirza Mohammad-Khan Mossadegh-ol-Saltaneh

(1882-06-16)16 June 1882
Ahmedabad, Tehran, Sublime State of Persia

5 March 1967(1967-03-05) (aged 84)
Najmieh Hospital, Tehran, Imperial State of Iran

Zahra Khanum
(m. 1901; died 1965)

5

Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma (uncle)
Abbas Mirza (great-grandfather)

Before its removal from power, his administration introduced a range of social and political measures such as social security, land reforms and higher taxes including the introduction of taxation on the rent of land. His government's most significant policy was the nationalisation of the Iranian oil industry, which had been built by the British on Persian lands since 1913 through the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC/AIOC), later known as British Petroleum (BP).[10]


In the aftermath of the overthrow, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi returned to power, and negotiated the Consortium Agreement of 1954 with the British, which gave split ownership of Iranian oil production between Iran and western companies until 1979.[11] Mosaddegh was imprisoned for three years, then put under house arrest until his death and was buried in his own home so as to prevent a political furore.[12][13] In 2013, the US government formally acknowledged its role in the coup as being a part of its foreign policy initiatives, including paying protestors and bribing officials.[14]

Mosaddegh was named in 1951 by Time. Others considered for that year's title included Dean Acheson, General (and future President) Dwight D. Eisenhower and General Douglas MacArthur.[110]

man of the year

The figure of Mosaddegh was an important element in the 2003 French TV production ,[111] which deals with the life of the Shah's second wife and former Queen of Iran, Princess Soraya Esfandiary Bakhtiari. Mosaddegh's role was played by the French actor Claude Brasseur.

Soraya

In , Malick (Victor McCay) references Mosaddegh and the coup as he and Bates (Titus Welliver) try to deal with the situation at the U.S. Embassy in Tehran.[112]

Argo

A short 24-minute film titled Mosaddegh, directed by Roozbeh Dadvand, was released in 2011. The role of Mosaddegh was played by actor David Diaan.[113]

Iranian American

An independent video game called was released in 2011. It features the player playing as Mosaddegh's cat reversing Mosaddegh's life to the beginning.

The Cat and the Coup

In the , Senator Bernie Sanders, during debates, interviews, and speeches, repeatedly praised Mosaddegh's "secular, democratic government", while commenting on the 1953 CIA-backed coup, stating that it is a "bad example of U.S. foreign policy", resulting in "negative unintended consequences and dictatorships".[114][115][116] Another candidate, Governor Martin O'Malley, said similar things.[117]

2016 Democratic presidential primaries

In , a 2021 documentary, co-writers Taghi Amirani and Walter Murch assess new archive material about the 1953 CIA-backed coup of Mossadegh. The documentary's primary contribution is to uncover the extent of MI6 involvement, particularly that of Norman Darbyshire, the operative who led MI6's involvement in the coup. According to the newly discovered archive material, Darbyshire was involved in the kidnapping, torture, and assassination of General Mahmoud Afshartous, Mossadegh's chief of police, and the bribing of Princess Ashraf, the twin sister of Shah Reza Pahlavi, to obtain the Shah's approval for the coup. The British government has never admitted its involvement in the overthrow of Mossadegh.

Coup 53

In neighbouring Afghanistan, support and sympathy for Mossadegh was evident in 1953 article in the Kabul-based Pamir newspaper under the title "A friendly suggestion to the great nation of Iran", urging the authorities of the time to use best judgement during the trial regarding a man like Mossadegh.

[118]

(1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1fkgcnz. ISBN 9780691101347.

Abrahamian, Ervand

Farrokh, Kaveh (2011). . Osprey Publishing. p. 449. ISBN 978-1780962214.

Iran at War: 1500–1988

(2009). The life and times of the Shah. University of California Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-520-25328-5.

Afkhami, Gholam Reza

Cleveland, William (2008). A History of the Modern Middle East (4 ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

Collier, David R. (2017). "Mossadegh and the Anglo-Iranian Oil Crisis". Democracy and the Nature of American Influence in Iran, 1941-1979. Syracuse University Press.  9780815635123.

ISBN

(1965). Modern Iran. Praeger.

Avery, Peter

(2003). All the Shah's men: an American coup and the roots of Middle East terror. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0471265177.

Kinzer, Stephen

Diba, Farhad (1986). . Croom Helm. ISBN 9780709945178.

Mohammad Mossadegh: Political biography

Frankel, Benjamin (1992). . Gale Research. ISBN 9780810389281.

The Cold War, 1945–1991: Leaders and other important figures in the Soviet Union, Eastern Europe, China, and the Third World

Elm, Mostafa (1994). Oil, Power, and Principle: Iran's Oil Nationalization and Its Aftermath. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.  0-8156-2642-8.

ISBN

Iran Chamber Society

Mohammad Mosaddeq biography

—Book and declassified documents from the National Security Archive, 22 June 2004

Mohammad Mosaddegh and the 1953 Coup in Iran