The Most Serene (Venetian: Serenìsima Repùblega de Venexia; Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di Venezia), a city-state that existed from 697 to 1797 based in the city of Venice with continuously controlled territory along the eastern Adriatic and Greece at its strongest period. The phrase La Serenissima ("The Most Serene") was also popularly used as a specific reference to the Venetian government or state authorities.^[3]

Republic of Venice

The Most Serene (Ligurian: Serenìscima Repùbrica de Zêna; Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di Genova), an independent state based in present-day Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from c. 1100 to 1805. After using the plain title of "Republic" for a long time, the honorific "Most Serene" was added after the election of the first Doge of Genoa (1339). Even so, to distinguish their government from its ancient rival to the east, the Genoese rarely used the "Most Serene" designation, opting more frequently for the appellation "Superb Republic" (Italian: La Superba Repubblica), a nickname allegedly coined by Petrarch in 1358.^[4]

Republic of Genoa

The Most Serene (Italian: Serenissima Repubblica di Lucca), a city-state that existed from 1119 to 1799 based in the city of Lucca, in northern Tuscany, Italy. Lucca was the third largest Italian city state (after Venice and Genoa) with a republican constitution (comune) to remain independent over the centuries.^[5]

Republic of Lucca

(the Most Serene Commonwealth of Both Nations; Polish: Najjaśniejsza Rzeczpospolita Obojga Narodów; Latin: Serenissima Res Publica Utriusque Nationis), an elective monarchy in Central and Eastern Europe, existing from 1569 until 1795.^[6]

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

Serene Highness