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Blood type

A blood type (also known as a blood group) is a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs). These antigens may be proteins, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, or glycolipids, depending on the blood group system. Some of these antigens are also present on the surface of other types of cells of various tissues. Several of these red blood cell surface antigens can stem from one allele (or an alternative version of a gene) and collectively form a blood group system.[1]

This article is about blood type in humans. For other uses, see Blood type (disambiguation).

Blood types are inherited and represent contributions from both parents of an individual. As of December 2023, a total of 45[2] human blood group systems are recognized by the International Society of Blood Transfusion (ISBT).[3] The two most important blood group systems are ABO and Rh; they determine someone's blood type (A, B, AB, and O, with + or − denoting RhD status) for suitability in blood transfusion.

Blood group AB individuals have both A and B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their does not contain any antibodies against either A or B antigen. Therefore, an individual with type AB blood can receive blood from any group (with AB being preferable), but cannot donate blood to any group other than AB. They are known as universal recipients.

blood plasma

Blood group A individuals have the A antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing antibodies against the B antigen. Therefore, a group A individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups A or O (with A being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type A or AB.

IgM

Blood group B individuals have the B antigen on the surface of their RBCs, and blood serum containing IgM antibodies against the A antigen. Therefore, a group B individual can receive blood only from individuals of groups B or O (with B being preferable), and can donate blood to individuals with type B or AB.

Blood group O (or blood group zero in some countries) individuals do not have either A or B antigens on the surface of their RBCs, and their blood serum contains IgM anti-A and anti-B antibodies. Therefore, a group O individual can receive blood only from a group O individual, but can donate blood to individuals of any ABO blood group (i.e., A, B, O or AB). If a patient needs an urgent blood transfusion, and if the time taken to process the recipient's blood would cause a detrimental delay, O negative blood can be used. Because it is compatible with anyone, there are some concerns that O negative blood is often overused and consequently is always in short supply. According to the American Association of Blood Banks and the British Chief Medical Officer's National Blood Transfusion Committee, the use of group O RhD negative red cells should be restricted to persons with O negative blood, women who might be pregnant, and emergency cases in which blood-group testing is genuinely impracticable.[32]

[32]

Blood type (non-human)

Human leukocyte antigen

hh blood group

Dean, Laura (2005). . Bethesda MD: National Center for Biotechnology Information. ISBN 1-932811-05-2. NBK2261.

Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens, a guide to the differences in our blood types that complicate blood transfusions and pregnancy

Mollison PL, Engelfriet CP, Contreras M (1997). Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine (10th ed.). Oxford UK: Blackwell Science.  0-86542-881-6.

ISBN

Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH has details of genes and proteins, and variations thereof, that are responsible for blood types

BGMUT

(OMIM): ABO Glycosyltransferase; ABO - 110300

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man

(OMIM): Rhesus Blood Group, D Antigen; RHD - 111680

Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man

. Gentest.ch GmbH. Archived from the original on 2017-03-24. Retrieved 2017-03-23.

"Blood group test"

. LifeShare Blood Centers. Archived from the original on September 26, 2006. Retrieved September 15, 2006.

"Blood Facts – Rare Traits"

. Dr. Dennis O'Neil, Behavioral Sciences Department, Palomar College, San Marcos, California. 2001-06-06. Archived from the original on 2001-06-06. Retrieved November 23, 2006.

"Modern Human Variation: Distribution of Blood Types"

. bloodbook.com. Archived from the original on 2010-03-04. Retrieved September 15, 2006.

"Racial and Ethnic Distribution of ABO Blood Types – BloodBook.com, Blood Information for Life"

. Archived from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved July 31, 2008.

"Molecular Genetic Basis of ABO"