Open source promotes universal access via an open-source or free license to a product's design or blueprint, and universal redistribution of that design or blueprint.[8][9] Before the phrase open source became widely adopted, developers and producers used a variety of other terms. Open source gained hold with the rise of the Internet.[10] The open-source software movement arose to clarify copyright, licensing, domain, and consumer issues.
Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the source code is available to the general public for use or modification from its original design. Code is released under the terms of a software license. Depending on the license terms, others may then download, modify, and publish their version (fork) back to the community. Many large formal institutions have sprung up to support the development of the open-source movement, including the Apache Software Foundation, which supports community projects such as the open-source framework Apache Hadoop and the open-source HTTP server Apache HTTP.
Wikipedia is an example of a global application of the open-source model.Creation for its own sake – For example, Wikipedia editors add content for recreation. Artists have a drive to create. Both communities benefit from free starting material.
Patron – For example, publishing relies on institutional and government funding of research faculty, who also have a professional incentive to publish for reputation and career advancement. Works of the US government are automatically released into the public domain.
open-access
– Give away a limited version for free and charge for a premium version (potentially using a dual license).
Freemium
Give away the product and charge something related – charge for support of open-source , give away music but charge for concert admission.
enterprise software
Give away work to gain market share – used by artists, in corporate software to spoil a dominant competitor (for example in the and the Android operating system).
browser wars
For own use – Businesses or individual software developers often create software to solve a problem, bearing the full cost of initial creation. They will then open source the solution, and benefit from the improvements others make for their own needs. Communalizing the maintenance burden distributes the cost across more users; can also benefit without undermining the creation process.
free riders
(that much of world's server parks are running)
Linux
(that Wikipedia is based upon)
MediaWiki
List of free and open-source software packages
GNU
GNU Manifesto
(no cost vs no restriction)
Gratis versus libre
Free and open-source software (FOSS) or free/libre and open-source software (FLOSS) is openly shared source code that is licensed without any restrictions on usage, modification, or distribution. Confusion persists about this definition because the "free", also known as "libre", refers to the freedom of the product, not the price, expense, cost, or charge. For example, "being free to speak" is not the same as "free beer".[18]
Conversely, Richard Stallman argues the "obvious meaning" of term "open source" is that the source code is public/accessible for inspection, without necessarily any other rights granted, although the proponents of the term say the conditions in the Open Source Definition must be fulfilled.[75]
a decentralized software development model that encourages open collaboration
Open-source model
software which permits the use and modification of its source code
Open-source software
History of free and open-source software
Open-source software advocacy
Open-source software development
Open-source-software movement
Open-source video games
List of open-source video games
Business models for open-source software
Comparison of open-source and closed-source software
Diversity in open-source software
a web-based map-making platform to develop and deploy web mapping applications and geospatial web services (not to be confused with OpenStreetMap (OSM), a collaborative project to create a free editable map of the world).
MapGuide Open Source
Generally, open source refers to a computer program in which the source code is available to the general public for use for any (including commercial) purpose, or modification from its original design. Open-source code is meant to be a collaborative effort, where programmers improve upon the source code and share the changes within the community. Code is released under the terms of a software license. Depending on the license terms, others may then download, modify, and publish their version (fork) back to the community.
RISC-V
(OSAT), is designed for environmental, ethical, cultural, social, political, economic, and community aspects
Open-source appropriate technology
Open-design movement
Open Architecture Network
or "Open Production" or "Design Global, Manufacture Local", a new socioeconomic production model to openly and collaboratively produce and distribute physical objects
Open manufacturing
(OSArc), emerging procedures in imagination and formation of virtual and real spaces within an inclusive universal infrastructure
Open-source architecture
cola soft drinks made to open-sourced recipes
Open-source cola
Open-source hardware
List of open-source hardware projects
(OSPD), collaborative product and process openness of open-source hardware for any interested participants
Open-source product development
physical artifacts of the subject are offered by the open design movement
Open-source robotics
open source varieties of crop seeds, as an alternative to patent-protected seeds sold by large agriculture companies.
Open Source Seed Initiative
Open science
Open science data
the practice of making the entire primary record of a research project publicly available online as it is recorded
an intelligence gathering discipline based on information collected from open sources (not to be confused with open-source artificial intelligence such as Mycroft (software)).
Open-source intelligence
(sometimes known as Open-source politics) is a political process that uses Internet technologies such as blogs, email and polling to provide for a rapid feedback mechanism between political organizations and their supporters. There is also an alternative conception of the term Open-source politics which relates to the development of public policy under a set of rules and processes similar to the open-source software movement.
Open politics
is similar to open-source politics, but it applies more to the democratic process and promotes the freedom of information.
Open-source governance
refer specifically to political campaigns.
Open-source political campaigns
The wants to increase its use of free and open-source software, to decrease its dependence on proprietary software solutions. It plans to make open standards a requirement, to allow the government to choose between multiple operating systems and web browsers. Korea's Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning is also preparing ten pilots on using open-source software distributions.[79]
South Korean government
Open implementation
Open security
Open-source record label
Open standard
Shared Source
Source-available software
Benkler, Yochai (2006). (PDF). Yale University Press.
The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
Berry, David M. (2008). Copy, Rip, Burn: The Politics of Copyleft and Open Source. London:Pluto Press. 978-0745324142.
ISBN
Karl Fogel. (How to run a successful free-software project). Free PDF version available.
Producing Open Source Software
Goldman, Ron; Gabriel, Richard P. (2005). . Richard P. Gabriel. ISBN978-1-55860-889-4.
Innovation Happens Elsewhere: Open Source as Business Strategy
