Premarital sex
Premarital sex is sexual activity which is practiced by people before they are married. Premarital sex is considered a sin by a number of religions and also considered a moral issue which is taboo in many cultures. Since the Sexual Revolution of the 1960s, it has become accepted by certain liberal movements, especially in Western countries. A 2014 Pew study on global morality found that premarital sex was considered particularly unacceptable in "Muslim Majority Countries", such as Malaysia, Jordan and Pakistan, each having over 90% disapproval, while people in Western European countries were the most accepting, with Spain, Germany, and France expressing less than 10% disapproval.[2]
Definition[edit]
Until the 1950s,[3] "premarital sex" referred to sexual relations between two people prior to marrying each other.[4] During that period, it was the norm in Western societies for men and women to marry above the age of 21, and there were no considerations that one who had sex would not marry. The term was used instead of fornication, which had negative connotations,[3] and was closely related to the concept and approval of virginity, which is sexual abstinence until marriage.
The meaning has since shifted to refer to any sexual relations a person has prior to marriage and removing the emphasis on the relationship of the people involved.[4] The definition has a degree of ambiguity. It is not clear whether sex between individuals legally forbidden from marrying or the sexual relations of one uninterested in marrying would be considered premarital.[3]
Alternative terms for premarital sex have been suggested, including non-marital sex (which overlaps with adultery), youthful sex, adolescent sex, and young-adult sex. These terms also suffer from a degree of ambiguity, as the definition of having sex differs from person to person.[3]
Safe sex practices[edit]
People who have premarital sex are recommended by health professionals to take precautions to protect themselves against sexually transmitted infections (STIs) such as HIV/AIDS.[25] There is also a risk of an unplanned pregnancy in heterosexual relationships.[26] Around the world, sex education programs are run to teach school students about reproductive health, safer sex practices, sexual abstinence, and birth control.
Sexual activity among unmarried people who do not have access to information about reproductive health and birth control can increase the rate of teenage pregnancies and contraction of sexually transmitted infections. The rates of teenage pregnancy vary and range from 143 per 1000 girls in some sub-Saharan African countries to 2.9 per 1000 girls in South Korea. The rate for the United States is 52.1 per 1000, the highest in the developed world, and about four times the European Union average.[5][27] The teenage pregnancy rates between countries must take into account the level of general sex education available and access to contraceptive options.
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Studies[edit]
According to a 2004 peer-reviewed study published in the Journal of Marriage and Family found that women who have more than one premarital sexual relationship have a higher likelihood in the long run of disruptions if ever married, with this effect being the "strongest for women who have multiple premarital co-residential unions".[40] Kahn and London (1991) found that premarital sex and divorce are positively correlated.[41]
Religion[edit]
Views on premarital sex are often shaped by religious teachings and beliefs, in part because ancient religious texts forbid it.[28][29] People who actively practice religion are less likely to engage in premarital sex or at least go longer before having sex for the first time.[28][29] Muslims and Hindus are less likely to report having premarital sex than Christians, Jews, and Buddhists.[28] Islam has the greatest effect of attitudes on premarital sex. People in predominantly Muslim societies have the lowest report of engaging in premarital sex.[28] A study published in 2013 found that over 60% of Muslims reported to have had sex before marriage, compare to 65% of Hindus, 71% of Christians (primarily in Europe and North America), 84% of Jewish and over 85% of Buddhists who reported to have had sex before marriage.[28] Christianity, Judaism, and Islam have strict rules about specific behaviors and sex outside of marriage, in contrast, "Buddhism does not have similarly strict rules about specific behaviors".[28][30] Students who attend a faith-based (predominantly Christian) university view premarital sexual activity more negatively than students who do not.[31]
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Law[edit]
In December 2022 Indonesia's parliament passed a bill that partially criminalizes sex outside marriage and cohabitation.[42] Government officials have stated that the new criminal code respects privacy and human rights, due to the law being codified and complaint based, which can only be filed by a spouse or parents or children. With the code, government expected that local law enforcement will not invade privacy due to being codified and there will be no more local regulation sweeping power to their local law enforcement. "When these articles are regulated in the criminal code, there would definitely be no raids," deputy minister of the Ministry of Law and Human Rights said. He explained that so far, there have been regulations in several regions based on which, officers of the Public Order Agency (Satpol PP) have carried out raids at hotels and inns. After the articles are regulated in the criminal code and an explanation is provided, those regulations that are beneath the law will all be revoked, he said.[43] Indonesia is predominantly Muslim.[44][45]
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