Presidential transition of George W. Bush
The presidential transition of George W. Bush took place following the 2000 United States presidential election. It started after Bush was declared the victor of the election on December 12, 2000, when the Bush v. Gore decision by the Supreme Court halted the election recount in Florida, making Bush the victor in that state. The decision delivered him the state's 25 electoral votes, thus giving him a total of 271 electoral votes. This was one more vote than the 270 needed to win the presidency outright, making him president-elect.
Not to be confused with that of his father, the Presidential transition of George H. W. Bush.Date of election
Due to the recount effort and litigation between Bush and his presidential opponent Al Gore leaving the election undecided until December 12, 2000, Bush's official transition was abbreviated, at just 39 days. The transition was chaired by vice president-elect Dick Cheney.
Bush's victory was formally certified on January 6, 2001, when a joint session of congress certified the electoral college count.[1][2] Bush was inaugurated at noon EST on January 20, 2001.
This was the first presidential transition to be held after the passage of the Presidential Transition Act of 2000.[3]
Abbreviated nature of official transition period[edit]
Due to the recount effort and litigation between Bush and his presidential opponent Al Gore leaving the election undecided until December 12, 2000, Bush's official transition was abbreviated to just 39 days.[4] The last instance in United States history in which disputes over the election had delayed an individual becoming president-elect of the United States was the after the 1876 United States presidential election, when Rutherford B. Hayes would not become president-elect until after the Electoral Commission's decision.[5]
The official transition's abbreviated length gave the Bush team less time to prepare.[6]
The shortened transition was also seen as having a potential impact on Bush's ability to readily make appointments to offices. The shortened transition meant that there was only a 5-week period before Bush would take office as president for requisite FBI background checks to be performed on many of his prospective appointees for offices which required one.[7] Despite having such a short transition, in his first year as president, Bush managed to appoint more people than any other modern president had in the same timeframe.[4] The 9/11 Commission Report argued that the abbreviated transition had resultantly left many national security positions unfilled by the time of the September 11 attacks, and that slow transitions such as that of Bush's can imperil the nation's national security.[8]
Pre-election activities[edit]
Some planning for Bush's potential presidential transition began as early as the spring of 1999.[11] Per the later recounting of Clay Johnson III, Bush had asked him in June 1999 to help prepare a plan for a potential presidential transition.[12] Johnson would agree, and would lead Bush's pre-election transition planning.[5] Formal planning for a prospective transition began in August 2000.[13] Throughout the pre-election planning efforts, Johnson would hold occasional meetings with Bush.[14] While Johnson would continue to head pre-election planning, shortly after the Republican National Convention, it was decided that Bush's running mate, Dick Cheney would be the post-election transition chairman if the ticket were elected.[15] The work Johnson oversaw was almost entirely done out of the public-eye, with little media coverage paid to the pre-election transition work until shortly before the day of the election.[5]
Jonson communicated with Martha Joynt Kumar, head of the nonpartisan "White House Transition Project" group founded in 1999, who were researching presidential transitions. Johnson would later talk about receiving helpful insight from their research, and Bush would also credit them with having aided his transition effort.[16][17]
A decision that Bush had privately decided upon two weeks before the election was that, if elected, he would name Andrew Card his White House chief of staff.[5] This decision was made early due to Johnson's belief that it would be beneficial to have an individual in place for this role early.[18]
Initial post-election day activities[edit]
While the election took place on November 7, its winner was unclear due to the unsettled result in Florida.
Bush proceeded with transition efforts while the election result was yet to be formally determined.[19] In contrast to Bush, for some time after election day, Al Gore suspended his transition team's operations.[20] Dick Cheney, conducted some transition work out of a private residence he owned in McLean, Virginia.[20]
Throughout the post-election recount and litigation, as prospective president and vice president, Bush and Cheney retained United States Secret Service protection they had already been receiving before the election, as did Gore's vice presidential runningmate Joe Lieberman (Gore, as the incumbent vice president, was entitled to Secret Service protection at the time, regardless of the presidential election).[21]
Gore had paused his transition efforts, and had involved himself with his team's efforts in addressing the recount in Florida. Contrarily, Bush would largely remain personally removed from his team's operations in Florida, and would instead busy himself with both transition planning tasks and actions related to his job as governor of Texas.[22]
Bush began to conduct his transition in a manner strongly mimicking a president-elect after Florida Secretary of State Katherine Harris certified her state's results on November 26 (an act that did not settle the result of the election, as Gore launched the Gore v. Harris lawsuit that would later evolve into Bush v. Gore).[20] Operating his transition effort in a public manner was seen to be, in part, a part of the Bush team's strategy to turn public opinion against Al Gore's contesting of the Florida election results, and to pressure Gore into dropping his legal challenge.[19][23] Bush hoped to establish a perception that his victory was imminent, and would leak word of his national security team, and allow news cameras access to some of his transition meetings.[24] Bush received criticism, particularly from Democrats, for operating such a full-fledged transition before the election outcome was officially determined.[19][25] However, many Democrats conceded that it was a necessity for Bush to plan a transition so that he would be prepared to take office if he were to be determined the election's victor.[19] Bush held meetings with many prospective appointees.[25] Bush held some of these meetings at his ranch in Texas.[23]
On November 26, Bush announced that Dick Cheney would be officially heading the transition.[20] Cheney took on this work, despite having suffered a heart attack earlier that month.[20] It was reported around this time that Bush had delegated to Cheney significant authority over deciding the composition and management style of the potential Bush administration.[19] The choice to have the vice presidential running mate head the transition team, an unusual move, ultimately foreshadowed the central role Cheney would make in policy decisions during Bush's presidency.[20] Cheney formed a transition team that primarily consisted of individuals that he had preexisting relationships with and many who had been on Cheney's own staff when he was United States Secretary of Defense.[20][19] In addition to this, Cheney named Clay Johnson III (Bush's gubernatorial chief of staff) as the executive director of the transition.[4][26][27] Cheney also named Ari Fleischer, who had been a spokesman for the campaign, as the transition's press spokesman.[27] On November 29, it was announced that Michael E. Toner would be joining the transition team as legal counsel, and that David Gribben would serve as director of congressional relations.[19] By the time the election outcome would be decided, Bush's transition team already consisted of 75 employees and 20 volunteers.[13]
On November 27, the General Services Administration (GSA), led by David J. Barram, stated they would not give the Bush transition team access to government-provided transition office space or $5.3 million in earmarked funding for a transition, "until a final winner" was determined in the presidential election, citing the Presidential Transition Act of 1963's provision requiring the outcome of an election to be clear prior to the government providing any taxpayer funding to aid in a transition.[26][27] On November 28, Barram announced to staffers of the GSA that he would postpone his planned resignation by two weeks, from November 29 to December 15, so that he could be in office when the office ceded these to an incoming president.[28]
In response to the GSA's decision not to give the Bush transition team access to government office space and funding, Cheney announced on December 27 that the transition team would open a privately funded office in Washington, D.C., and would, to fund their transition effort, establish a nonprofit organization that would accept direct and in-kind, contributions from individuals of up to a maximum of $5,000 per individual, which was the maximum contribution allowed under the Presidential Transition Act of 1963. The Bush transition effort opted to refuse corporate and PAC donations.[26][27][23][29][30] The Bush camp targeted raising $3.5 million for their transition effort.[23][29] The Bush transition effort would ultimately raise $1.5 million in funding through contributions by the time the election outcome was determined.[7] It was not unprecedented for a presidential transition to raise private funds, as the previous 1992–1993 Clinton transition had raised $5.3 million to supplement the $3.5 million the federal government had provided it.[29] The Bush team also pledged to voluntarily disclose contributions.[29] However, the choice to raise private funds attracted some criticism, with the group Common Cause urging the Bush team not to continue with their plans to do so. While each saying it was problematic for them to raise private contributions, both OpenSecrets director Larry Makinson and political scientist Larry Sabato conceded that the lack of federal funding for the transition had left the Bush team with little other choice.[29]
On November 29, Cheney publicly announced the transition team's acquisition of office space near Washington, D.C. in suburban McLean, Virginia.[19] The Bush transition moved into the 2,100 square feet of office space the following day.[31] At this time, the transition effort began expanding its staff.[21]
Incumbent president Bill Clinton denied any involvement in the GSA's decision to withhold funding from the Bush transition effort.[26][27][28] Some sources, however, alleged that, despite Clinton's denial, he was involved to some degree in the refusal of the GSA to not give the Bush team access to office space and funding, arguing that Clinton may have been acting on grudges stemming from his own transition, where his own team felt that the outgoing president, Bush's father George H. W. Bush, was not helpful to them.[28] Clinton publicly declared that he would prefer that the government, instead, provide funding both to the Bush and Gore transition efforts.[26][28] The United States Department of Justice investigated whether the Presidential Transition Act of 1963 could be interpreted as allowing this.[26][28] However, on November 28, the Department of Justice reached the conclusion that the law did not allow the funds to be used to aid "multiple transition teams".[32] The Clinton administration would, ultimately, attempt to act as though two different presidential transitions were taking place.[20] At the same time that Bush was ramping up his transition efforts in late November, Gore began going forth with a transition effort of his own, headed by Roy Neel.[20][21] A number of moves were announced by the White House on November 28.[33] Clinton had the CIA begin giving classified daily intelligence briefings to Bush and Cheney (Al Gore was already a recipient of such briefings, as he was the incumbent vice president), with the White House announcing
it November 28.[21][34][33][35] The White House also announced on November 28 that it was offering to meet with both Bush's and Gore's transition directors, which the Bush team quickly accepted.[33] The White House also announced on November 28 that they had requested for the Department of Justice to investigate whether the FBI could begin conducting background checks for each team's prospective nominees.[33] This wound up receiving clearance later that week, and the FBI would begin conducting background check's for each team's prospective nominees.[20][33] The White House asked Clinton's appointees to tender their resignations at the end of Clinton's term, to make room for a new administration's appointees, sending letters requesting resignations to roughly 3,000 Clinton appointees.[20][33] John Podesta, Clinton's White House Chief of Staff, ordered each executive branch department to create briefing books for the incoming cabinet secretaries, and to set-aside workspaces for the president-elect, once determined, to have their team utilize during their official transition.[26] The GSA began consulting with the transition about how they preferred to see them outfit the taxpayer-funded office space, but continued to hold-off on providing such space to either transition effort while the election litigation was still pending.[21][36]
Not only were federal agencies' normal handling for a transition of planning thrown-off by their being two potential contenders for the presidency so far after an election, but so were those responsible with planning aspects of the presidential inauguration.[21] With the election being in limbo, neither Bush nor Gore had formed an inaugural committee to plan for their prospective inaugurations.[37] Organizations such as the Armed Forces Inaugural Committee were forced to create contingency plans to help the eventual president-elect plan their inauguration at a faster-than-typical pace.[21]
Prior to the election outcome being determined, the Bush transition team had already received 18,000 resumes for positions which Bush would have had the authority to make appointments to if he became president.[7] Some resumes had been submitted through the internet.[7] The next president would have 1,125 Senate confirmable posts and 5,000 other posts to fill.[7] Some designees were named for certain positions. For example, on November 22, Bush announced that Andrew Card was his choice to serve as White House Chief of Staff.[30] Others announced in this period included the selection of Colin Powell as Secretary of State and Condoleezza Rice as National Security Advisor.[13][25] However, many potential nominees Bush's team had been courting the strongest had proven reluctant to submit themselves to the level of scrutiny of federal background checks before Bush was declared president-elect.[13]
In late November, Bush and his top associates began making phone calls to Republican congressional leaders, and indirect communication with Democratic leadership, in hopes of laying the ground for bipartisan cooperation on legislation if he became president.[23]
By early December, a number of congressional Republicans, such as Fred Thompson, Steve Horn, and Jim Kolbe, had written to GSA head Barram to urge him to release funding and grant access to office space to the Bush transition team.[38] Soon after, Horn, as chairman of the House Government Reform Subcommittee on Government Management, Information and Technology, began holding congressional hearings on the matter, and Republican congressman Spencer Bachus introduced a bill that would require the GSA to provide support to the Bush transition team.[39]
![John Ashcroft Attorney General (announced December 22, 2000)[55]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/John_Ashcroft.jpg/96px-John_Ashcroft.jpg)
![Ann Veneman Secretary of Agriculture (announced December 20, 2000)[55]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Ann_Veneman.jpg/96px-Ann_Veneman.jpg)
![Rod Paige Secretary of Education (announced December 29, 2000)[55]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Rod_Paige.jpg/91px-Rod_Paige.jpg)
![Linda Chavez Secretary of Labor (announced January 2, 2001; withdrew January 9, 2001)[55]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C28746_%28cropped%29.jpg/92px-Reagan_Contact_Sheet_C28746_%28cropped%29.jpg)
![Elaine Chao Secretary of Labor (announced January 11, 2001)[55]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Elaine_Chao_large.jpg/96px-Elaine_Chao_large.jpg)
![Tommy Thompson Secretary of Health and Human Services (announced December 29, 2000)[55]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tommy_Thompson_1.jpg/95px-Tommy_Thompson_1.jpg)
![Mel Martinez Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (announced December 20, 2000)[55]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Mel_Martinez_%287361256804%29.jpg/96px-Mel_Martinez_%287361256804%29.jpg)
![Norman Y. Mineta Secretary of Transportation (announced January 2, 2001)[55]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Norman_Mineta%2C_official_portrait%2C_DOT.jpg/93px-Norman_Mineta%2C_official_portrait%2C_DOT.jpg)
![Anthony J. Principi Secretary of Veterans Affairs (announced December 29, 2000)[55]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Anthony_Principi.jpg/96px-Anthony_Principi.jpg)
![Joe Allbaugh Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency (announced January 4, 2001)[55]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FEMA_-_5710_-_Photograph_by_Greg_Schaler_taken_on_12-10-2001_in_District_of_Columbia.jpg/96px-FEMA_-_5710_-_Photograph_by_Greg_Schaler_taken_on_12-10-2001_in_District_of_Columbia.jpg)
John Bridgeland
Director of the Domestic Policy Council and Deputy Domestic Policy Advisor
(announced January 9, 2001)[55]
![John Bridgeland Director of the Domestic Policy Council and Deputy Domestic Policy Advisor (announced January 9, 2001)[55]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/John_Bridgeland_%286669064877%29.jpg/90px-John_Bridgeland_%286669064877%29.jpg)
Margaret La Montagne
(now Spellings)
Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy
(announced January 5, 2001)[55]
![Margaret La Montagne (now Spellings) Assistant to the President for Domestic Policy (announced January 5, 2001)[55]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Official_Photo_of_Margaret_Spellings.jpg/83px-Official_Photo_of_Margaret_Spellings.jpg)