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Regulatory economics

Regulatory economics is the application of law by government or regulatory agencies for various economics-related purposes, including remedying market failure, protecting the environment and economic management.

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Regulatory metrics[edit]

The World Bank's Doing Business database collects data from 178 countries on the costs of regulation in certain areas, such as starting a business, employing workers, getting credit, and paying taxes. For example, it takes an average of 19 working days to start a business in the OECD, compared to 60 in Sub-Saharan Africa; the cost as a percentage of GNP (not including bribes) is 8% in the OECD, and 225% in Africa.


The Worldwide Governance Indicators project at the World Bank recognizes that regulations have a significant impact in the quality of governance of a country. The Regulatory Quality of a country, defined as "the ability of the government to formulate and implement sound policies and regulations that permit and promote private sector development"[8] is one of the six dimensions of governance that the Worldwide Governance Indicators measure for more than 200 countries.


The cost of regulations increased by above 1 trillion and can explain 31-37% of the rise in industry concentration.[9]

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Controversy[edit]

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Proponents[edit]

The regulation of markets is to safeguard society and has been the mainstay of industrialized capitalist economic governance through the twentieth century.[21] Karl Polanyi refers to this process as the 'embedding' of markets in society. Further, contemporary economic sociologists such as Neil Fligstein (in his 2001 Architecture of Markets) argue that markets depend on state regulation for their stability, resulting in a long term co-evolution of the state and markets in capitalist societies in the last two hundred years.

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Opponents[edit]

There are various schools of economics that push for restrictions and limitations on governmental role in economic markets. Economists who advocate these policies do not necessarily share principles, such as Nobel prize-winning economists Milton Friedman (monetarist school), George Stigler (Chicago School of Economics / Neo-Classical Economics), Friedrich Hayek (Austrian School of Economics), and James M. Buchanan (Virginia School of Political Economy) as well as Richard Posner (Chicago School / Pragmatism). Generally, these schools attest that government needs to limit its involvement in economic sectors and focus instead on protecting individual rights (life, liberty, and property). This position is alternatively summarized in what is known as the Iron Law of Regulation, which states that all government regulation eventually leads to a net loss in social welfare.[22][23]


Some argue that companies are incentivized to behave in a socially responsible manner, therefore eliminating the need for external regulation, by their commitment to stakeholders, their interest in preserving reputability, and their goals for long term growth.[22]

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Economic interventionism

Financial economics § Financial markets

Administrative law

Averch-Johnson effect

Banded forbearance

Constitutional economics

Rule according to higher law

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Public statutes, standards, or statements of expectations;

A registration or licensing process to approve and permit the operation of a service, usually by a named organization or person;

An inspection process or other form of ensuring standard compliance, including reporting and management of non-compliance with these standards; or

The setting of price controls in the form of or rate-of-return regulation, especially for natural monopolies.

price-cap regulation

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Cebula, R., & Clark, J. (2014). , MPRA Paper 58108, University Library of Munich, Germany.

Economic Freedom, Regulatory Quality, Taxation, and Living Standards

Journal of Regulatory Economics (1989– )

[1]

Posner, R. A. 1974 “ Theories of Regulation”, Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science, 25 (1), Spring, pp. 335–373

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Deregulation

Trust-busting

Liberalization

Price-cap regulation

Natural monopoly

Public choice theory

Regulated market

Regulation

Regulation school

Worldwide Governance Indicators

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Stigler, J. G. 1971, "The Theory of Economic Regulation," Bell Journal of Management Science, 2 (1), Spring, pp. 3–21

Peltzman, S. 1989 "The Economic Theory of Regulation after a Decade of Deregulation," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity: Microeconomics, pp. 1 –41

Laffont, J. J., & Tirole, J. (1993). A theory of incentives in procurement and regulation. MIT press.

World Bank "Doing Business project"

Worldwide ratings of country performances on Regulatory Quality and other governance dimensions from 1996 to present.

Worldwide Governance Indicators

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