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Robbery

Robbery is the crime of taking or attempting to take anything of value by force, threat of force, or by use of fear. According to common law, robbery is defined as taking the property of another, with the intent to permanently deprive the person of that property, by means of force or fear; that is, it is a larceny or theft accomplished by an assault.[1] Precise definitions of the offence may vary between jurisdictions. Robbery is differentiated from other forms of theft (such as burglary, shoplifting, pickpocketing, or car theft) by its inherently violent nature (a violent crime); whereas many lesser forms of theft are punished as misdemeanors, robbery is always a felony in jurisdictions that distinguish between the two. Under English law, most forms of theft are triable either way, whereas robbery is triable only on indictment. The word "rob" came via French from Late Latin words (e.g., deraubare) of Germanic origin, from Common Germanic raub "theft".

For other uses, see Robbery (disambiguation).

Among the types of robbery are armed robbery, which involves the use of a weapon, and aggravated robbery, when someone brings with them a deadly weapon or something that appears to be a deadly weapon. Highway robbery or mugging takes place outside or in a public place such as a sidewalk, street, or parking lot. Carjacking is the act of stealing a car from a victim by force. Extortion is the threat to do something illegal, or the offer to not do something illegal, in the event that goods are not given, primarily using words instead of actions.


Criminal slang for robbery includes "blagging" (armed robbery, usually of a bank) or "stick-up" (derived from the verbal command to robbery targets to raise their hands in the air), and "steaming" (organized robbery on underground train systems).

Canada[edit]

In Canada, the Criminal Code makes robbery an indictable offence, subject to a maximum penalty of life imprisonment. If the accused uses a restricted or prohibited firearm to commit robbery, there is a mandatory minimum sentence of five years for the first offence, and seven years for subsequent offences.[2]

United Kingdom[edit]

England and Wales[edit]

Robbery is a statutory offence created by section 8(1) of the Theft Act 1968 which reads:

Robbery statistics[edit]

Robberies by country[edit]

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime notes "that when using the figures, any cross-national comparisons should be conducted with caution because of the differences that exist between the legal definitions of offences in countries, or the different methods of offence counting and recording". Also not every single crime is reported, meaning two things; (1) robbery rates are going to appear lower than they actually are and; (2) the percentage of crime that is not reported is going to be higher in some countries then others, for example – in one country 86% of the robberies were reported, whereas in another country only 67% of the robberies were reported. The last thing to note is that crime will vary by certain neighborhoods or areas in each country, so, just because a nationwide rate is a specified rate, does not mean that everywhere in that country retains the same amount of danger or safety. A 1983 study by the Department of Justice estimated that the amount of robberies in the US at schools alone may reach one million a year, exceeding the National Crime Survey reported estimate.[30][31]

(1956), by Stanley Kubrick, depicts a graphic robbery.

The Killing

(1966) is an Italian crime drama film directed by Carlo Lizzani, based on the real life of Luciano Lutring ("il solista del mitra", translation: "the submachine soloist"), who kept his weapon in a violin case.[34]

Wake Up and Die

(1969), by Woody Allen, depicts an unconventional view of a robbery by an incompetent robber.

Take the Money and Run

Le Gitan (1975), directed by , is loosely based on Luciano Lutring's autobiography. Lutring is played by Alain Delon.[34]

José Giovanni

(1975) depicts a bank robbery which escalates to a hostage situation.

Dog Day Afternoon

(1992), by Quentin Tarantino, shows the aftermath of a robbery, with an abundance of lurid details.

Reservoir Dogs

Matthew Hale. . 1736. 1800 Edition. Volume 1. Chapter XLVI. Pages 532 to 538.

Historia Placitorum Coronae

Allen, Michael. (2005). Textbook on Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.  0-19-927918-7.

ISBN

Criminal Law Revision Committee. 8th Report. Theft and Related Offences. Cmnd. 2977

Griew, Edward. Theft Acts 1968 & 1978. London: Sweet & Maxwell. London: LexisNexis.  0-406-89545-7

ISBN