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Second plague pandemic

The second plague pandemic was a major series of epidemics of plague that started with the Black Death, which reached medieval Europe in 1346 and killed up to half of the population of Eurasia in the next four years. It followed the first plague pandemic that began in the 6th century with the Plague of Justinian, but had ended in the 8th century. Although the plague died out in most places, it became endemic and recurred regularly. A series of major epidemics occurred in the late 17th century, and the disease recurred in some places until the late 18th century or the early 19th century.[1][2] After this, a new strain of the bacterium gave rise to the third plague pandemic, which started in Asia around the mid-19th century.[3][4]

Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, which exists in parasitic fleas of several species in the wild and of rats in human society. In an outbreak, it may kill all of its immediate hosts and thus die out, but it can remain active in other hosts that it does not kill, thereby causing a new outbreak years or decades later.

Timeline of plague

(541–767)

First plague pandemic

Black Death

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doi

Bray, R. S. (2004-04-29), , James Clarke & Co., ISBN 978-0-227-17240-7

Armies of Pestilence: The Impact of Disease on History

Byrne, Joseph Patrick (2004), The Black Death, Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press

Byrne, Joseph Patrick, ed. (2008), , ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-0-313-34102-1

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Gottfried, Robert S. (1983), The Black Death: Natural and Human Disaster in Medieval Europe, London: Hale,  978-0-7090-1299-3

ISBN

Graunt, John (1759), , A. Miller

Collection of Yearly Bills of Mortality, from 1657 to 1758 Inclusive

Harding, Vanessa (2002-06-20), , Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-81126-2

The Dead and the Living in Paris and London, 1500–1670

Hays, J. N. (1998), , Rutgers University Press, ISBN 978-0-8135-2528-0

The Burdens of Disease: Epidemics and Human Response in Western History

Hays, J. N. (2005-12-31), , ABC-CLIO, ISBN 978-1-85109-658-9

Epidemics And Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History

McNeill, William Hardy (1998), Plagues and peoples, Anchor,  978-0-385-12122-4

ISBN

Mikhail, Alan (2014), , OUP, ISBN 9780199315277

The Animal in Ottoman Egypt

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Fertile Crescent, 1800–1914: A Documentary Economic History

Parker, Geoffrey (2001-12-21), , Wiley, ISBN 978-0-631-22028-2

Europe in Crisis: 1598–1648

Porter, Stephen (2009-04-19), , Amberley Publishing, ISBN 978-1-84868-087-6

The Great Plague

Shadwell, Arthur; Hennessy, Harriet L.; Payne, Joseph Frank (1911). . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 21 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 693–705.

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Wade, Nicholas (31 October 2010), , The New York Times, retrieved 1 November 2010

"Europe's Plagues Came From China, Study Finds"

Wheelis, Mark (2002). . Emerging Infectious Diseases. 8 (9): 971–75. doi:10.3201/eid0809.010536. PMC 2732530. PMID 12194776.

"Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa"

Notes


Bibliography

Media related to Plague, second pandemic at Wikimedia Commons