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Stuttering

Stuttering, also known as stammering, is a speech disorder characterized externally by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, words, or phrases as well as involuntary silent pauses or blocks in which the person who stutters is unable to produce sounds.[2][3]

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Stutter (disambiguation) and Stammer (disambiguation). For the film, see Stutterer (film).

Stuttering

Stammering, alalia syllabaris, alalia literalis, anarthria literalis, dysphemia[1]

Involuntary sound repetition and disruption or blocking of speech

2–5 years

Long term

Neurological and genetics

Speech therapy, support

75-80% developmental resolves by late childhood; 15-20% of cases last into adulthood

About 1%

The term stuttering as defined by listeners is most commonly associated with involuntary sound repetition, but it also encompasses the abnormal hesitation or pausing before speech, referred to by people who stutter as blocks, and the prolongation of certain sounds, usually vowels or semivowels. According to adults who stutter, stuttering is defined as a "constellation of experiences" expanding beyond the external disfluencies that are apparent to the listener. In fact, most of the experience of stuttering is internal and encompasses more experiences beyond the external speech disfluencies that are not observable by the listener. The moment of stuttering often begins before the disfluency is produced, described as a moment of anticipation - where the person who stutters knows which word they are going to stutter on.[4] The sensation of losing control and anticipation of a stutter can lead people who stutter to react in different ways including behavioral and cognitive reactions. Some behavioral reactions can manifest outwardly and be observed as physical tension or struggle anywhere in the body.[4] Almost 80 million people worldwide stutter, about 1% of the world's population.[5]


Stuttering is not connected to the physical production of speech sounds or putting thoughts into words. Acute nervousness and stress are not thought to cause stuttering, but they can trigger stuttering in people who have the speech disorder, and living with a stigmatized disability can result in anxiety and high allostatic stress load (chronic nervousness and stress). Neither acute nor chronic stress, however, itself creates any predisposition to stuttering.


The disorder is variable, which means that in certain situations, such as talking on the telephone or in a large group, the stuttering might be more or less noticeable. People who stutter often find that their stuttering fluctuates, sometimes at random.[6]

Characteristics[edit]

Audible disfluencies[edit]

Common stuttering behaviors are observable signs of speech disfluencies, for example: repeating sounds, syllables, words or phrases, silent blocks and prolongation of sounds.

The child is mixing vocabulary () from both languages in one sentence. This is a normal process that helps the child increase their skills in the weaker language, but may trigger a temporary increase in disfluency.[77]

code-mixing

The child is having difficulty finding the correct word to express ideas resulting in an increase in normal speech disfluency.

[77]

The child is having difficulty using grammatically complex sentences in one or both languages as compared to other children of the same age. Also, the child may make grammatical mistakes. Developing proficiency in both languages may be gradual, so development may be uneven between the two languages.

[77]

Goldmark, Daniel. "Stuttering in American Popular Song, 1890–1930." In Lerner N (2006). Sounding Off: Theorizing Disability in Music. New York, London: Routledge. pp. 91–105.  978-0-415-97906-1.

ISBN

Ward D (2006). Stuttering and Cluttering: Frameworks for understanding treatment. and New York City: Psychology Press. ISBN 978-1-84169-334-7.

Hove

* Rockey, D., Speech Disorder in Nineteenth Century Britain: The History of Stuttering, Croom Helm, (London), 1980. ISBN 0-85664-809-4