LTE (telecommunication)
In telecommunications, long-term evolution (LTE) is a standard for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and data terminals, based on the GSM/EDGE and UMTS/HSPA standards. It improves on those standards' capacity and speed by using a different radio interface and core network improvements.[1][2] LTE is the upgrade path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. Because LTE frequencies and bands differ from country to country, only multi-band phones can use LTE in all countries where it is supported.
"Long-term evolution" redirects here. For the biological concept, see Evolution and E. coli long-term evolution experiment.Terminology[edit]
The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE is also called 3.95G and has been marketed as 4G LTE and Advanced 4G; but the original version did not meet the technical criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series for LTE Advanced. The requirements were set forth by the ITU-R organisation in the IMT Advanced specification; but, because of market pressure and the significant advances that WiMAX, Evolved High Speed Packet Access, and LTE bring to the original 3G technologies, ITU-R later decided that LTE and the aforementioned technologies can be called 4G technologies.[3] The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements for being considered IMT-Advanced.[4] To differentiate LTE Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has defined the latter as "True 4G".[5][6]
In September 2006, Siemens Networks (today ) showed in collaboration with Nomor Research the first live emulation of an LTE network to the media and investors. As live applications two users streaming an HDTV video in the downlink and playing an interactive game in the uplink have been demonstrated.[24]
Nokia Networks
In February 2007, demonstrated for the first time in the world, LTE with bit rates up to 144 Mbit/s[25]
Ericsson
In September 2007, demonstrated LTE data rates of 200 Mbit/s with power level below 100 mW during the test.[26]
NTT Docomo
In early 2008, LTE test equipment began shipping from several vendors and, at the 2008 in Barcelona, Ericsson demonstrated the world's first end-to-end mobile call enabled by LTE on a small handheld device.[29] Motorola demonstrated an LTE RAN standard compliant eNodeB and LTE chipset at the same event.
Mobile World Congress
Motorola
In April 2008, Motorola demonstrated the first EV-DO to LTE hand-off – handing over a streaming video from LTE to a commercial EV-DO network and back to LTE.
[34]
In November 2008, demonstrated industry first over-the-air LTE session in 700 MHz spectrum.[36]
Motorola
Researchers at and Heinrich Hertz Institut have demonstrated LTE with 100 Mbit/s Uplink transfer speeds.[37]
Nokia Siemens Networks
Infineon
In July 2009, Nujira demonstrated efficiencies of more than 60% for an 880 MHz LTE Power Amplifier
[41]
In August 2009, and LG Electronics demonstrated the first successful handoff between CDMA and LTE networks in a standards-compliant manner[42]
Nortel
In August 2009, receives FCC certification for LTE base stations for the 700 MHz spectrum band.[43]
Alcatel-Lucent
In September 2009, demonstrated world's first LTE call on standards-compliant commercial software.[44]
Nokia Siemens Networks
In October 2009, 's Bell Labs, Deutsche Telekom Innovation Laboratories, the Fraunhofer Heinrich-Hertz Institut and antenna supplier Kathrein conducted live field tests of a technology called Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP) aimed at increasing the data transmission speeds of LTE and 3G networks.[46]
Alcatel-Lucent
In November 2009, completed first live LTE call using 800 MHz spectrum band set aside as part of the European Digital Dividend (EDD).[47]
Alcatel-Lucent
On December 14, 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian capitals and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish network operator TeliaSonera and its Norwegian brandname NetCom (Norway). TeliaSonera incorrectly branded the network "4G". The modem devices on offer were manufactured by Samsung (dongle GT-B3710), and the network infrastructure with SingleRAN technology created by Huawei (in Oslo)[49] and Ericsson (in Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to roll out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and Finland.[50] TeliaSonera used spectral bandwidth of 10 MHz (out of the maximum 20 MHz), and Single-Input and Single-Output transmission. The deployment should have provided a physical layer net bit rates of up to 50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a TCP goodput of 42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm.[51]
Stockholm
In February 2010, and Movistar test the LTE in Mobile World Congress 2010 in Barcelona, Spain, with both indoor and outdoor demonstrations.[54]
Nokia Siemens Networks
In May 2010, (MTS) and Huawei showed an indoor LTE network at "Sviaz-Expocomm 2010" in Moscow, Russia.[55] MTS expects to start a trial LTE service in Moscow by the beginning of 2011. Earlier, MTS has received a license to build an LTE network in Uzbekistan, and intends to commence a test LTE network in Ukraine in partnership with Alcatel-Lucent.
Mobile TeleSystems
At the Shanghai in May 2010, Motorola demonstrated a live LTE in conjunction with China Mobile. This included video streams and a drive test system using TD-LTE.[56]
Expo 2010
As of 12/10/2010, has teamed up with Verizon Wireless for a test of high-speed LTE wireless technology in a few homes in Pennsylvania, designed to deliver an integrated Internet and TV bundle. Verizon Wireless said it launched LTE wireless services (for data, no voice) in 38 markets where more than 110 million Americans live on Sunday, Dec. 5.[57]
DirecTV
Peak download rates up to 299.6 Mbit/s and upload rates up to 75.4 Mbit/s depending on the (with 4×4 antennas using 20 MHz of spectrum). Five different terminal classes have been defined from a voice-centric class up to a high-end terminal that supports the peak data rates. All terminals will be able to process 20 MHz bandwidth.
user equipment category
Low data transfer latencies (sub-5 ms for small IP packets in optimal conditions), lower latencies for handover and connection setup time than with previous radio access technologies.
latency
Improved support for mobility, exemplified by support for terminals moving at up to 350 km/h (220 mph) or 500 km/h (310 mph) depending on the frequency
for the downlink, Single-carrier FDMA for the uplink to conserve power.
Orthogonal frequency-division multiple access
Support for both and TDD communication systems as well as half-duplex FDD with the same radio access technology.
FDD
Increased spectrum flexibility: 1.4 MHz, 3 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz and 20 MHz wide cells are standardized. ( has no option for other than 5 MHz slices, leading to some problems rolling-out in countries where 5 MHz is a commonly allocated width of spectrum so would frequently already be in use with legacy standards such as 2G GSM and cdmaOne.)
W-CDMA
Support for cell sizes from tens of metres radius ( and picocells) up to 100 km (62 miles) radius macrocells. In the lower frequency bands to be used in rural areas, 5 km (3.1 miles) is the optimal cell size, 30 km (19 miles) having reasonable performance, and up to 100 km cell sizes supported with acceptable performance. In the city and urban areas, higher frequency bands (such as 2.6 GHz in EU) are used to support high-speed mobile broadband. In this case, cell sizes may be 1 km (0.62 miles) or even less.
femto
Support of at least 200 active data clients (connected users) in every 5 MHz cell.
[105]
Support for inter-operation and co-existence with legacy standards (e.g., /EDGE, UMTS and CDMA2000). Users can start a call or transfer of data in an area using an LTE standard, and, should coverage be unavailable, continue the operation without any action on their part using GSM/GPRS or W-CDMA-based UMTS or even 3GPP2 networks such as cdmaOne or CDMA2000.
GSM
Uplink and downlink .
Carrier aggregation
radio interface.
Packet-switched
Support for MBSFN (). This feature can deliver services such as Mobile TV using the LTE infrastructure, and is a competitor for DVB-H-based TV broadcast only LTE compatible devices receives LTE signal.
multicast-broadcast single-frequency network
Much of the LTE standard addresses the upgrading of 3G UMTS to what will eventually be 4G mobile communications technology. A large amount of the work is aimed at simplifying the architecture of the system, as it transitions from the existing UMTS circuit + packet switching combined network, to an all-IP flat architecture system. E-UTRA is the air interface of LTE. Its main features are:
North America – 600, 700, 850, 1700, 1900, 2300, 2500, 2600, 3500, 5000 MHz (bands 2, 4, 5, 7, 12, 13, 14, 17, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 48, 66, 71)
Central America, South America and the Caribbean – 600, 700, 800, 850, 900, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2300, 2500, 2600, 3500, 5000 MHz (bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 17, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29, 38, 40, 41, 42, 43, 46, 48, 66, 71)
Europe – 450, 700, 800, 900, 1500, 1800, 2100, 2300, 2600, 3500, 3700 MHz (bands 1, 3, 7, 8, 20, 22, 28, 31, 32, 38, 40, 42, 43)[114]
[113]
Asia – 450, 700, 800, 850, 900, 1500, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2300, 2500, 2600, 3500 MHz (bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 26, 28, 31, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42)
[115]
Africa – 700, 800, 850, 900, 1800, 2100, 2500, 2600 MHz (bands 1, 3, 5, 7, 8, 20, 28, 41)
The LTE standard covers a range of many different bands, each of which is designated by both a frequency and a band number:
As a result, phones from one country may not work in other countries. Users will need a multi-band capable phone for roaming internationally.
Patents[edit]
According to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute's (ETSI) intellectual property rights (IPR) database, about 50 companies have declared, as of March 2012, holding essential patents covering the LTE standard.[119] The ETSI has made no investigation on the correctness of the declarations however,[119] so that "any analysis of essential LTE patents should take into account more than ETSI declarations."[120] Independent studies have found that about 3.3 to 5 percent of all revenues from handset manufacturers are spent on standard-essential patents. This is less than the combined published rates, due to reduced-rate licensing agreements, such as cross-licensing.[121][122][123]
4G-LTE filter
Comparison of wireless data standards
– the radio access network used in LTE
E-UTRA
– flat IP architectures in mobile networks
Flat IP
LTE-A
LTE-A Pro
LTE-U
(NB-IoT)
NarrowBand IoT
Simulation of LTE Networks
(QCI) – the mechanism used in LTE networks to allocate proper Quality of Service to bearer traffic
QoS Class Identifier
– the re-architecturing of core networks in LTE
System Architecture Evolution
VoLTE
– a competitor to LTE
WiMAX
– the successor to LTE
5G NR
Agilent Technologies, Archived July 10, 2019, at the Wayback Machine, John Wiley & Sons, 2009 ISBN 978-0-470-68261-6
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What is TD-LTE?
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ISBN
Dan Forsberg, Günther Horn, Wolf-Dietrich Moeller, Valtteri Niemi, LTE Security, Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester 2013, 978-1-118-35558-9
ISBN
Borko Furht, Syed A. Ahson, Long Term Evolution: 3GPP LTE Radio and Cellular Technology, CRC Press, 2009, 978-1-4200-7210-5
ISBN
F. Khan, LTE for 4G Mobile Broadband – Air Interface Technologies and Performance, Cambridge University Press, 2009
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Guowang Miao
Stefania Sesia, Issam Toufik, and Matthew Baker, LTE – The UMTS Long Term Evolution: From Theory to Practice, Second Edition including Release 10 for LTE-Advanced, John Wiley & Sons, 2011, 978-0-470-66025-6
ISBN
Gautam Siwach, Amir Esmailpour, "LTE Security Potential Vulnerability and Algorithm Enhancements", IEEE Canadian Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering (IEEE CCECE), Toronto, Canada, May 2014
SeungJune Yi, SungDuck Chun, YoungDae lee, SungJun Park, SungHoon Jung, Radio Protocols for LTE and LTE-Advanced, Wiley, 2012, 978-1-118-18853-8
ISBN
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