Titus 1
Titus 1 is the first chapter of the Epistle to Titus in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. The letter is traditionally attributed to Paul the Apostle, sent from Nicopolis of Macedonia (Roman province), addressed to Titus in Crete.[1][2] Some scholars argue that it is the work of an anonymous follower, written after Paul's death in the first century AD.[3][4] This chapter contains the greetings and instructions for Titus on dealing with deceivers.[5]
Titus 1
(~AD 200; extant verses 11–15)
Papyrus 32
(330–360)
Codex Sinaiticus
(400–440)
Codex Alexandrinus
(~450; extant verses 3–16)
Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus
(~450; extant verses 1–3, 10–11)
Codex Freerianus
(~550)
Codex Claromontanus
(~550; extant verses 1–3, 15–16)
Codex Coislinianus
"A true son" (; KJV: mine own son"; Greek: γνησίῳ τέκνῳ, gnēsiō teknō): Also "my genuine child" (as in 1 Timothy 1:2), that is, "converted by my instrumentality" (1 Corinthians 4:17;[12] Philemon 10).[13][14]
NKJV
"In our common faith" (NKJV; KJV: "After the common faith"; Greek: κατὰ κοινὴν πίστιν, kata koinēn pistin): the author treats Titus as "a genuine son" by virtue of "the faith common to all the people of God", a common brotherhood of Gentiles as well as Jews, thus embracing Titus who is a Gentile (2 Peter 1:1; Jude 1:3).[16][14]
[15]
"Grace, mercy, and peace" (Greek: χάρις ἔλεος εἰρήνη, , eleos, eirēnē): The word "mercy" is omitted in some of the oldest manuscripts, but one of the best and oldest manuscripts supports it (see 1 Timothy 1:2; 2 Timothy 1:2). There are many similarities of phrase in all the 'Pastoral Epistles' (the Epistles to Titus, 1 and 2 Timothy).[14]
charis
"One of them, a prophet of their own": refers to , who wrote the cited words in one of his poems. The author calls him "one of them" (one of the Cretans), since Epimenides was a Cretian by birth, of the city of Gnossus, and according to a legend was sent by his father to his sheep in the field, when he at noon turned aside into a cave, and slept 57 years.[20] The designation as a "prophet" is because in Crete there were prophets of Jupiter,[21] and Epimenides might be one of them, but the word 'prophets' can also refer to the priests among other cults. for examples, Baal's priests were called the prophets of Baal, and the prophets of the groves (1 Kings 18:19).[22] Epimenides was thought to be inspired by the gods in writing his poems that he is called by Apuleius,[23] a famous fortune teller; and is said by Laertius[20] to be very skillful in divination, and to have foretold many things which came to pass; also by the Grecians were supposed to be very dear to the gods; likewise, Balaam, the soothsayer and diviner, is called a prophet (2 Peter 2:16).[24] Add to this, that the passage next cited stands in a poem of this writer, entitled, "Concerning Oracles"; and it is easy to observe, that poets in common were usually called "vates", or prophets; so that the author speaks here with great propriety.[25]
Epimenides
"Cretans are always liars": Epimenides wrote of the living of the inhabitants of the Crete as a sin common to human nature, that lying was "always" a governing vice among them, for instances, for saying that Jupiter's sepulchre was with them, when it was the sepulchre of Minos his son, which they had fraudulently obliterated; and for which Callimachus charges them with lying, and uses these very words of Epimenides; though he assigns a different reason from that now given, which is, that Jupiter died not, but always exists, and therefore his sepulchre could not be with them, but more than that, seemingly the Cretians regard lying as their national sin;[27] and beside Epimenides, also said by others. Crete is called "mendax Creta", 'lying Crete' by Ovid.[28] Hence, with the Grecians, to "cretize", is proverbially used for to lie; this is a sin, than which nothing makes a man more like the devil, or more infamous among men, or more abominable to God. The Ethiopian version, instead of Cretes, or Cretians, reads "hypocrites".[25]
[26]
"Evil beasts": are meant beasts of prey, savage and mischievous ones (Genesis 37:20; Genesis 37:33),[30] to distinguish them from other beasts, as sheep, and the like.
[29]
"Lazy gluttons" (NKJV; KJV: "slow bellies"): This expression by Epimenides is partly for the intemperance, gluttony and drunkenness of the Cretans, whose god was their belly, not the Lord Jesus, and partly for their laziness, eating other people's bread without working.
[25]
Crete
Elder (Christianity)
Saint Titus
(1994). "The Pastoral Letters". In Carson, D. A.; France, R. T.; Motyer, J. A.; Wenham, G. J. (eds.). New Bible Commentary: 21st Century Edition (4, illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). Inter-Varsity Press. pp. 1292–1315. ISBN 9780851106489.
Guthrie, Donald
Drury, Clare (2007). "73. The Pastoral Epistles". In Barton, John; Muddiman, John (eds.). (first (paperback) ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 1220–1233. ISBN 978-0199277186. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
The Oxford Bible Commentary
(2006). Bruce, Frederick Fyvie (ed.). The Letters to Timothy and Titus. The New International Commentary on the New Testament. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN 9780802825131.
Towner, Philip H.
King James Bible - Wikisource
Titus 1
English Translation with Parallel Latin Vulgate
(ESV, KJV, Darby, American Standard Version, Bible in Basic English)
Online Bible at GospelHall.org
(NKJV, NIV, NRSV etc.)
Multiple bible versions at Bible Gateway
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