Tonkin (French protectorate)
Tonkin (chữ Hán: 東京), or Bắc Kỳ (北圻), was a French protectorate encompassing modern Northern Vietnam. Like the French protectorate of Annam, Tonkin was still nominally ruled by the Nguyễn dynasty, but in 1886, the French separated Tonkin from the Nguyễn imperial court in Huế by establishing the office of "Viceroy" (經略衙, Kinh lược nha).[4] However, on 26 July 1897, the position of Viceroy was abolished, officially making the French resident-superior of Tonkin both the representative of the French colonial administration and the Nguyễn dynasty court in Huế, giving him the power to appoint local mandarins.[4] In 1887, Tonkin became a part of the Union of Indochina.
Protectorate of Tonkin
Protectorate of France (1883–1945)
Constituent territory of French Indochina (1887–1948)
Tonkinese
Paulin François Alexandre Vial
Yves Jean Digo
Nguyễn Hữu Độ (first)
Hoàng Cao Khải (last)
None (rule by decree)
25 August 1883
6 June 1884
September 1940
25 August 1945
1948
1950
7,487,000[3]
11,509,000[3]
In 1945, the emperor Bảo Đại rescinded the Patenôtre Treaty, ending the French protectorates over Annam and Tonkin, creating the Empire of Vietnam, a Japanese puppet state.[5] Following the surrender of Japan, ending World War II, the Việt Minh launched the August Revolution which led to the abolition of the Nguyễn dynasty and the Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.
Tonkin was briefly occupied by the Chinese National Army before being returned to France. After eliminating virtually all nationalist oppositions,[6][7] the communist-led Việt Minh clashed with the French over control of the territory. In 1948, Tonkin and Annam were officially merged under the Provisional Central Government of Vietnam. The French legally maintained the protectorate until they formally signed over sovereignty to the Bảo Đại and the State of Vietnam in 1950 after signing the Élysée Accords in 1949.[2]
Girls study chemistry in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)
Girls study tailoring in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)
Girls study maths in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)
Girls study drawing in colonial school (Ecole Normale d'Institutrices)
Bedrooms at school
Play time
