Transformation matrix

Uses[edit]

Matrices allow arbitrary linear transformations to be displayed in a consistent format, suitable for computation.^[3] This also allows transformations to be composed easily (by multiplying their matrices).


Linear transformations are not the only ones that can be represented by matrices. Some transformations that are non-linear on an n-dimensional Euclidean space Rⁿ can be represented as linear transformations on the n+1-dimensional space Rⁿ⁺¹. These include both affine transformations (such as translation) and projective transformations. For this reason, 4×4 transformation matrices are widely used in 3D computer graphics. These n+1-dimensional transformation matrices are called, depending on their application, affine transformation matrices, projective transformation matrices, or more generally non-linear transformation matrices. With respect to an n-dimensional matrix, an n+1-dimensional matrix can be described as an augmented matrix.


In the physical sciences, an active transformation is one which actually changes the physical position of a system, and makes sense even in the absence of a coordinate system whereas a passive transformation is a change in the coordinate description of the physical system (change of basis). The distinction between active and passive transformations is important. By default, by transformation, mathematicians usually mean active transformations, while physicists could mean either.


Put differently, a passive transformation refers to description of the same object as viewed from two different coordinate frames.