Katana VentraIP

Treatment and management of COVID-19

The treatment and management of COVID-19 combines both supportive care, which includes treatment to relieve symptoms, fluid therapy, oxygen support as needed,[1][2][3] and a growing list of approved medications. Highly effective vaccines have reduced mortality related to SARS-CoV-2; however, for those awaiting vaccination, as well as for the estimated millions of immunocompromised persons who are unlikely to respond robustly to vaccination, treatment remains important.[4] Some people may experience persistent symptoms or disability after recovery from the infection, known as long COVID, but there is still limited information on the best management and rehabilitation for this condition.[5]

Most cases of COVID-19 are mild. In these, supportive care includes medication such as paracetamol or NSAIDs to relieve symptoms (fever, body aches, cough), proper intake of fluids, rest, and nasal breathing.[6][7][8][9] Good personal hygiene and a healthy diet are also recommended.[10] As of April 2020 the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended that those who suspect they are carrying the virus isolate themselves at home and wear a face mask.[11] As of November 2020 use of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone had been strongly recommended in those severe cases treated in hospital with low oxygen levels, to reduce the risk of death.[12][13][14] Noninvasive ventilation and, ultimately, admission to an intensive care unit for mechanical ventilation may be required to support breathing.[5] Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used to address respiratory failure, but its benefits are still under consideration.[15][16] Some of the cases of severe disease course are caused by systemic hyper-inflammation, the so-called cytokine storm.[17]


Although several medications have been approved in different countries as of April 2022, not all countries have these medications. Patients with mild to moderate symptoms who are in the risk groups can take nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (marketed as Paxlovid) or remdesivir, either of which reduces the risk of serious illness or hospitalization.[18] In the US, the Biden Administration COVID-19 action plan includes the Test to Treat initiative, where people can go to a pharmacy, take a COVID test, and immediately receive free Paxlovid if they test positive.[19]


Several experimental treatments are being actively studied in clinical trials.[20] These include the antivirals molnupiravir (developed by Merck),[21] and nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (developed by Pfizer).[22][23] Others were thought to be promising early in the pandemic, such as hydroxychloroquine and lopinavir/ritonavir, but later research found them to be ineffective or even harmful,[24][25][26] like fluvoxamine, a cheap and widely available antidepressant;[27] As of December 2020, there was not enough high-quality evidence to recommend so-called early treatment.[25][26] In December 2020, two monoclonal antibody-based therapies were available in the United States, for early use in cases thought to be at high risk of progression to severe disease.[26] The antiviral remdesivir has been available in the U.S., Canada, Australia, and several other countries, with varying restrictions; however, it is not recommended for people needing mechanical ventilation, and has been discouraged altogether by the World Health Organization (WHO),[28] due to limited evidence of its efficacy.[24] In November 2021, the UK approved the use of molnupiravir as a COVID treatment for vulnerable patients recently diagnosed with the disease.[29]


The WHO, the Chinese National Health Commission, the UK National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, and the United States' National Institutes of Health, among other bodies and agencies worldwide, have all published recommendations and guidelines for taking care of people with COVID-19.[30][31][5][32] As of 2020 Intensivists and pulmonologists in the U.S. have compiled treatment recommendations from various agencies into a free resource, the IBCC.[33][34]

General support[edit]

Taking over-the-counter drugs such as paracetamol or ibuprofen, drinking fluids, taking honey to ease a cough, and resting may help alleviate symptoms.[7][35][36][37]

Special populations[edit]

Concurrent treatment of other conditions[edit]

Early in the pandemic, theoretical concerns were raised about ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. However, later research in March 2020 found no evidence to justify stopping these medications in people who take them for conditions such as high blood pressure.[5][94][95][96] One study from April 2020 found that people with COVID-19 and hypertension had lower all-cause mortality when on these medications.[97] Similar concerns were raised about non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen; these were likewise not borne out, and NSAIDs may both be used to relieve symptoms of COVID-19 and continue to be used by people who take them for other conditions.[98]


People who use topical or systemic corticosteroids for respiratory conditions such as asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease should continue taking them as prescribed even if they contract COVID-19.[49]


The principal for obstetric management of COVID-19 include rapid detection, isolation, and testing, profound preventive measures, regular monitoring of fetus as well as of uterine contractions, peculiar case-to-case delivery planning based on severity of symptoms, and appropriate post-natal measures for preventing infection.[99]

Patients with simultaneous Influenza infection[edit]

Patients with simultaneous SARS CoV2 and Influenza infection are more than twice as likely to die and more than four times as likely to need ventilation as patients with only COVID. It is recommended that patients admitted to hospital with COVID should be routinely tested to see if they also have Influenza. The public are advised to get vaccinated against both Influenza and COVID.[100]

Epidemiology[edit]

Severe cases are most common in older adults (those older than 60 years,[74] and especially those older than 80 years).[101] Many developed countries do not have enough hospital beds per capita, which limits a health system's capacity to handle a sudden spike in the number of COVID-19 cases severe enough to require hospitalisation.[102] This limited capacity is a significant driver behind calls to flatten the curve.[102] One study in China found 5% were admitted to intensive care units, 2.3% needed mechanical support of ventilation, and 1.4% died.[15] In China, approximately 30% of people in hospital with COVID-19 are eventually admitted to ICU.[103]

(PDF). Johns Hopkins Medicine.

"JHMI Clinical Recommendations for Available Pharmacologic Therapies for COVID-19"

(PDF). Johns Hopkins Medicine. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 5 December 2020.

"Bouncing Back From COVID-19: Your Guide to Restoring Movement"

. Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA).

"Guidelines on the Treatment and Management of Patients with COVID-19"

. National Institutes of Health.

"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines"

. Corticosteroids for COVID-19: living guidance, 2 September 2020 (Report). hdl:10665/334125. WHO/2019-nCoV/Corticosteroids/2020.1.

World Health Organization

(2022). Therapeutics and COVID-19: living guideline (Report). World Health Organization (WHO). WHO-2019-nCoV-therapeutics-2022.1.

World Health Organization