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Treaty ports

Treaty ports (Chinese: 商埠; Japanese: 条約港) were the port cities in China and Japan that were opened to foreign trade mainly by the unequal treaties forced upon them by Western powers, as well as cities in Korea opened up similarly by the Qing dynasty of China (before the First Sino-Japanese War) and the Empire of Japan.[1][2]

This article is about the ports in East Asia. For the Anglo-Irish Treaty ports, see Treaty Ports (Ireland).

Japanese treaty ports[edit]

Japan opened two ports to foreign trade, Shimoda and Hakodate, in 1854 (Convention of Kanagawa), to the United States.[20] In 1858, the Treaty of Amity and Commerce designated four more ports, Kanagawa, Hyogo, Nagasaki, and Niigata. The treaty with the United States was followed by similar ones with Britain, the Netherlands, Russia, and France. The ports permitted legal extraterritoriality for citizens of the treaty nations. The system of treaty ports ended in Japan in the year 1899 as a consequence of Japan's rapid transition to a modern nation. Japan had sought treaty revision earnestly, and in 1894, signed a new treaty with Britain which revised or abrogated the previous "unequal" treaty. Other countries signed similar treaties. The new treaties came into force in July 1899.[21]

Korean treaty ports[edit]

Following the Ganghwa Treaty of 1876, the Korean kingdom of Joseon agreed to the opening of three strategic ports and the extension of legal extraterritoriality to merchants from Meiji Japan. Chinese merchants also entered Korea in earnest after the Qing army was sent to suppress the Imo Incident in 1882.[22] The first port opened in this manner was Busan, while Incheon and Wonsan followed shortly thereafter. These cities became important centers of mercantile activity for traders from China and Japan until Korea's colonization by Japan in 1910.[23]

Economic history of China before 1912

Shanghai International Settlement

Unequal treaties

Chinese concession of Incheon

Foreign concessions in China

List of Chinese treaty ports

 This article incorporates text from a publication now in the : Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "China". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

public domain

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Deuchler, Martina.Confucian Gentlemen and Barbarian Envoys: The Opening of Korea, 1875-1885 (University of Washington Press, 1977).

Gull E. M. British Economic Interests in the Far East (1943); focus on the treaty ports

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Hoare. J.E. Japan's Treaty Ports and Foreign Settlements: The Uninvited Guests, 1858–1899 (RoutledgeCurzon, 1995)  978-1-873410-26-4.

ISBN

Johnstone, William C. "The status of foreign concessions and settlements in the Treaty Ports of China." American Political Science Review 31.5 (1937): 942–948.

Online

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Online

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Online

Patterson, Wayne. William Nelson Lovatt in Late Qing China: War, Maritime Customs, and Treaty Ports, 1860–1904 (Lexington Books, 2019).

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online

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"Urbanization, Modernization, and Identity in Asia: A Historical Perspective"

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Wood, Frances. No Dogs and Not Many Chinese: Treaty Port Life in China 1843-1943 (1998)

Zinda, Yvonne Schulz "Representation and Nostalgic Re-invention of Shanghai in Chinese film." in Port Cities in Asia and Europe (2008): 159+.

at the Wayback Machine (archived 12 April 2016)

Treaty ports and extraterritoriality in China, 1921–22

WorldStatesmen: China

Omniatlas: Map of treaty port system in China in 1907 (earlier dates also available)

Treaty ports in China, 1557-1999