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ZX Spectrum

The ZX Spectrum (UK: /zɛd ɛks/) is an 8-bit home computer developed and marketed by Sinclair Research. It is one of the most influential computers ever made, and it is also one of the best selling computers ever, with over five million units sold. It was first released in the United Kingdom on 23 April 1982, and around the world in the following years, most notably in Europe, the United States, and Eastern Bloc countries.

Developer

  • UK: 23 April 1982 (23 April 1982)[1]
  • US: 1983 (1983)
  • EU: 1985 (1985)

UK: £125 (16 KB) (equivalent to £469 in 2021) / £175 (48 KB) (equivalent to £657 in 2021) ,[2] US: $200, ESP: Pta44,250

1992[3]

5 million[4]

Z80A (or equivalent) @ 3.5 MHz

16 KB / 48 KB / 128 KB
(IEC: KiB)

PAL RF modulator out, 256 × 192, 15 colours

ULA

Beeper, AY-3-8912 (128K models)

QL

The machine was the creation of English entrepreneur and inventor Sir Clive Sinclair, and his small team in Cambridge. It was designed to be small, simple, and most importantly inexpensive, with as few components as possible. The addendum "Spectrum" was chosen to highlight the machine's colour display, which differed from the black-and-white display of its predecessor, the ZX81. Its distinctive case, rainbow motif and rubber keyboard were designed by Rick Dickinson. Video output is transmitted to a television set rather than a dedicated monitor, while software is loaded and saved onto compact audio cassettes.


It was initially distributed through mail order, but after severe backlogs the machine was sold through High Street chains in the United Kingdom. It was released in the United States as the Timex Sinclair 2068 in 1983, and in some parts of Europe as the Timex Computer 2048. Ultimately the Spectrum was released as seven different models, ranging from the entry level with 16 KB RAM released in 1982 to the ZX Spectrum +3 with 128 KB RAM and built-in floppy disk drive in 1987. Throughout its life, the machine primarily competed with the Commodore 64, BBC Micro, Dragon 32, and the Amstrad CPC range. Over 24,000 different software products were released for the ZX Spectrum.[1]


The ZX Spectrum played a pivotal role in the early history of personal computing and video gaming, leaving an enduring legacy that influenced generations. Its introduction led to a boom in companies producing software and hardware, the effects of which are still seen. It was among the first home computers aimed at a mainstream audience, with some crediting it as being responsible for launching the British information technology industry. Until the Raspberry Pi, the Spectrum retained the title of Britain's best-selling computer for over three decades.[5][6] It was discontinued in 1992.

Reception[edit]

Initial reception of the ZX Spectrum was generally positive. Critics in Britain welcomed the new machine as a worthy successor to the ZX81; Robin Bradbeer of Sinclair User praised the additional keyboard functions the Spectrum had to offer, and lauded the "strength" of its ergonomic and presentable design.[217] Tim Hartnell from Your Computer noted that Sinclair had improved on the shortcomings of the ZX80 and ZX81 by revamping the Spectrum's load and save functions, noting that it made working with the machine "a pleasure".[218] Hartnell concluded that despite minor faults, the machine was "way ahead" of its competitors, and the quality far exceeded that of the BBC Micro.[219]


Computer and Video Games' Terry Pratt compared the Spectrum's keyboard negatively to the typewriter-style used on the BBC Micro, opining that it was an improvement over the ZX81 but unsuited for "typists".[220] Likewise, Gregg Williams from BYTE criticised the keyboard, declaring that despite the machine's attractive price the layout "is impossible to justice" and "poorly designed" in several respects. Williams was sceptical of the computer's appeal to American consumers if sold for US$220—"hardly competitive with comparable low-cost American units"—and expected that Timex would sell it for $125–150.[221] A more negative review came from Jim Lennox of Technology Week, who wrote that "after using it[...] I find Sinclair's claim that it is the most powerful computer under £500 unsustainable. Compared to more powerful machines, it is slow, its colour graphics are disappointing, its BASIC limited and its keyboard confusing".[68]

List of computer system emulators#Sinclair ZX Spectrum and clones

List of ZX Spectrum games

ZX Spectrum graphic modes

ZX Spectrum character set

Contended memory

BASIC manual

ZX Spectrum

ZX Spectrum emulator in the browser

JSSpeccy 3

ZX Spectrum Game Database

World Of Spectrum

ZX Spectrum Database

Spectrum Computing