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1828 United States presidential election

The 1828 United States presidential election was the 11th quadrennial presidential election. It was held from Friday, October 31 to Tuesday, December 2, 1828. It featured a repetition of the 1824 election, as President John Quincy Adams of the National Republican Party faced Andrew Jackson of the Democratic Party. Both parties were new organizations, and this was the first presidential election their nominees contested. This election saw the second rematch in presidential history, something that would not occur again until 1840.


261 members of the Electoral College
131 electoral votes needed to win

57.3%[1] Increase 30.4 pp

With the collapse of the Federalist Party, four members of the Democratic-Republican Party, including Jackson and Adams, had sought the presidency in the 1824 election. Jackson had won a plurality (but not majority) of both the electoral vote and popular vote in the 1824 election, but had lost the contingent election that was held in the House of Representatives. In the aftermath of the election, Jackson's supporters accused Adams and Henry Clay of having reached a "corrupt bargain" in which Clay helped Adams win the contingent election in return for the position of Secretary of State. After the 1824 election, Jackson's supporters immediately began plans for a campaign in 1828, and the Democratic-Republican Party fractured into the National Republican Party and the Democratic Party during Adams's presidency.


The 1828 campaign was marked by large amounts of "mudslinging", as both parties attacked the personal qualities of the opposing party's candidate. Jackson dominated in the South and the West, aided in part by the passage of the Tariff of 1828. With the ongoing expansion of the right to vote to most white men, the election marked a dramatic expansion of the electorate, with 9.5% of Americans casting a vote for president, compared with 3.4% in 1824.[8] Several states transitioned to a popular vote for president, leaving South Carolina and Delaware as the only states in which the legislature chose presidential electors.


Jackson decisively won the election, carrying 55.5% of the popular vote and 178 electoral votes, to Adams' 83. The election marked the rise of Jacksonian Democracy and the transition from the First Party System to the Second Party System. Historians debate the significance of the election, with many arguing that it marked the beginning of modern American politics by removing key barriers to voter participation and establishing a stable two-party system.[9] Jackson became the first president whose home state was neither Massachusetts nor Virginia, while Adams was the second to lose re-election, following his father John Adams.

Background[edit]

While Andrew Jackson won a plurality of electoral votes and the popular vote in the election of 1824, he lost to John Quincy Adams as the election was deferred to the House of Representatives (by the terms of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution, a presidential election in which no candidate wins a majority of the electoral vote is decided by a contingent election in the House of Representatives). Henry Clay, unsuccessful candidate and Speaker of the House at the time, despised Jackson, in part due to their fight for Western votes during the election, and he chose to support Adams, which led to Adams being elected president on the first ballot.


A few days after the election, Adams appointed Clay his Secretary of State, a position held by Adams and his three immediate predecessors prior to becoming president. Jackson and his followers promptly accused Clay and Adams of striking a "corrupt bargain," and continued to lambaste the president until the 1828 election.


In 1824, the national Democratic-Republican Party collapsed as national politics became increasingly polarized between supporters of Adams and supporters of Jackson. In a prelude to the presidential election, the Jacksonians bolstered their numbers in Congress in the 1826 Congressional elections, with Jackson ally Andrew Stevenson chosen as the new Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1827 over Adams ally Speaker, John W. Taylor.

Results by state

Results by state

Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

Results by county, shaded according to winning candidate's percentage of the vote

First inauguration of Andrew Jackson

History of the United States (1789–1849)

Jacksonian democracy

1828–29 United States House of Representatives elections

1828–29 United States Senate elections

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Howell, William Huntting (Summer 2010). "Read, Pause, and Reflect!!". Journal of the Early Republic. 30 (2): 293–300. :10.1353/jer.0.0149. S2CID 144448483. examines the campaign literature of 1828

doi

(1966). The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era. Chapel Hill, University of North Carolina Press.

McCormick, Richard P.

Parsons, Lynn H. (2009). The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828.

excerpt and text search

(1959). Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party. New York, Columbia University Press.

Remini, Robert V.

Remini, Robert V. (1981). . ISBN 9780060148447.

Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 1822–1832

Stahr, Walter (2012). Seward: Lincoln's Indispensable Man. Simon & Schuster.  978-1-4391-2118-4.

ISBN

(2006). Mudslingers: The Top 25 Negative Political Campaigns of All Time. Praeger Publishers.

Swint, Kerwin C.

(1955). Andrew Jackson, Symbol for an Age. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ward, John William

(1990). Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-52196-4.

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(2005). The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln.

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. From Revolution to Reconstruction. Archived from the original on February 22, 2008. Retrieved November 15, 2004.

"A Brief Biography of Andrew Jackson 1767-1845: The Election of 1828"

. U-S-History.com. Retrieved November 15, 2004.

"Election of 1828"

. The Green Papers. Retrieved March 20, 2005.

"A Historical Analysis of the Electoral College"

from the Library of Congress

Presidential Election of 1828: A Resource Guide

Historian James Parton describes election

The 1828 Campaign of Andrew Jackson and the Growth of Party Politics

Archived January 1, 2018, at the Wayback Machine

Election of 1828 in Counting the Votes