Katana VentraIP

1913 Ottoman coup d'état

The 1913 Ottoman coup d'état (January 23, 1913), also known as the Raid on the Sublime Porte (Turkish: Bâb-ı Âlî Baskını), was a coup d'état carried out in the Ottoman Empire by a number of Committee of Union and Progress (CUP) members led by Ismail Enver Bey and Mehmed Talaat Bey, in which the group made a surprise raid on the central Ottoman government buildings, the Sublime Porte (Turkish: Bâb-ı Âlî). During the coup, the Minister of War, Nazım Pasha, was assassinated and the Grand Vizier, Kâmil Pasha, was forced to resign. Soon after the coup, the government fell into the hands of the CUP, now under the leadership of the triumvirate known as the "Three Pashas", made up of Enver, Talaat, and Cemal Pasha.

In 1911, the Freedom and Accord Party, Kâmil Pasha's party, was formed in opposition to the CUP and almost immediately won the by-elections in Istanbul (former Constantinople).[1] Alarmed, the CUP rigged the general elections of 1912 with electoral fraud and violence against Freedom and Accord, earning them the nickname "Election of Clubs" (Turkish: Sopalı Seçimler).[2] In response, the Savior Officers (Turkish: Halâskâr Zâbitân) of the army, partisans of Freedom and Accord determined to see the CUP fall, rose up in anger and caused the fall of the CUP's post-election Mehmed Said Pasha government.[3] A new government was formed under Ahmed Muhtar Pasha, but after a few months it too was dissolved in October 1912 after the sudden outbreak of the First Balkan War and military defeat.[4]


After receiving the permission of Sultan Mehmed V to form a new government in late October 1912, Freedom and Accord leader Kâmil Pasha sat down to diplomatic talks with Bulgaria after the unsuccessful First Balkan War.[5] With the Bulgarian demand for the cession of the former Ottoman capital city of Adrianople (today, and in Turkish at the time, known as Edirne) looming and the outrage among the Turkish populace as well as the CUP leadership, the CUP carried out the coup on January 23, 1913.[5] After the coup, opposition parties like Freedom and Accord were subject to heavy repression. The new government led by Mahmud Şevket Pasha with Unionist support withdrew the Ottoman Empire from the ongoing London Peace Conference and resumed the war against the Balkan states to recover Edirne and the rest of Rumelia, but to no avail. After his assassination in June, the CUP would take full control of the empire, and opposition leaders would be arrested or exiled to Europe.


Ottoman victory in the Second Balkan War and the recovery of Edirne in the face of pressure by the Entente powers moved the CUP closer to Germany ahead of World War I.

Immediate pretext[edit]

While the inner circle of the CUP may already have decided earlier to stage a coup to regain power from the Freedom and Accord Party, the proximate occasion was the CUP's fear that the government would concede to a demand by the Great Powers that the town of Adrianople (a former Ottoman capital city from 1365 to 1453) be handed over to Bulgaria after the disastrous results of the First Balkan War for the Ottoman Empire.[6]

as President of the Council of State (for 3 days)

Said Halim Pasha

as Minister of the Interior

Hacı Adil (Arda)

as Minister of the Navy

Çürüksulu Mahmud Pasha

as Minister of Public Works

Nicolae Constantin Batzaria

as Minister of Justice

Pirizade Ibrahim Hayrullah Bey

as Minister of Pious Foundations

Ürgüplü Mustafa Hayri Efendi

as Minister of Agriculture

Mehmed Celal Bey

as Minister of Education

Ahmet Şükrü Bey

Burak, Durdu Mehmet (2003), (PDF), Otam(Ankara (in Turkish), Ankara University: 292–318, doi:10.1501/OTAM_0000000502, archived from the original (PDF) on 18 October 2020, retrieved 27 July 2014

"Osmanlı Devleti'nde Jön Türk Hareketinin Başlaması ve Etkileri"

Birinci, Ali (1990), (in Turkish), Istanbul: Dergâh Yayınları, ISBN 9759953072

Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası: II. Meşrutiyet Devrinde İttihat ve Terakki'ye Karşı Çıkanlar

Kuyaş, Ahmet (January 2013), "Bâb-ı Âli Baskını: 100. Yıl", (in Turkish) (48): 26–35, ISSN 1308-7878

NTV Tarih

Dumont, Paul; Georgeon, Gregoire François; (1997), Bir İmparatorluğun Ölümü: 1908–1923 (in Turkish), Istanbul: Cumhuriyet Yayınları

Tanilli, Server

Kuran, Ahmed Bedevî (1945), (in Turkish), Tan Matbaası

İnkılâp Tarihimiz ve Jön Türkler

Vardar, Galip; Tansu, Samih Nafiz (1960), (in Turkish), Istanbul: İnkılâp Kitabevi

İttihad ve Terakki İçinde Dönenler

Türkgeldi, Ali Fuat (2010) [First published 1950], (in Turkish) (5 ed.), Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, ISBN 978-975-16-2284-6

Görüp İşittiklerim

(1967), Ben de Yazdım, vol. 4, Istanbul: Baha Matbaasi

Bayar, Celâl