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Turkish language

Turkish (Türkçe [ˈtyɾctʃe] , Türk dili also Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey'[15]) is the most widely spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 90 to 100 million speakers. It is the national language of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. Significant smaller groups of Turkish speakers also exist in Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, North Macedonia,[16] Greece,[17] Cyprus, other parts of Europe, the South Caucasus, and some parts of Central Asia, Iraq, and Syria. Turkish is the 18th most spoken language in the world.

This article is about the Turkish language. For the language family it belongs to, see Turkic languages.

To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish—the variety of the Turkish language that was used as the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire—spread as the Ottoman Empire expanded. In 1928, as one of Atatürk's reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey, the Perso-Arabic script-based Ottoman Turkish alphabet was replaced with the Latin script-based Turkish alphabet.


Some distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are vowel harmony and extensive agglutination. The basic word order of Turkish is subject–object–verb. Turkish has no noun classes or grammatical gender. The language makes usage of honorifics and has a strong T–V distinction which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance, age, courtesy or familiarity toward the addressee. The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used referring to a single person out of respect.

twofold (-e/-a): In his more recent works Lewis prefers to omit the superscripts, on the grounds that "there is no need for this once the principle has been grasped" (Lewis [2001]).[54]: 18  the locative case suffix, for example, is -de after front vowels and -da after back vowels. The notation -de² is a convenient shorthand for this pattern.

[i]

fourfold (-i/-ı/-ü/-u): the suffix, for example, is -in or -ın after unrounded vowels (front or back respectively); and -ün or -un after the corresponding rounded vowels. In this case, the shorthand notation -in4 is used.

genitive case

Enclitic words, which shift the accentuation to the previous syllable, e.g., ol- (meaning to be), mi (denoting a question), gibi (meaning similar to), için (for), ki (that), de (too)

Syntax[edit]

Sentence groups[edit]

Turkish has two groups of sentences: verbal and nominal sentences. In the case of a verbal sentence, the predicate is a finite verb, while the predicate in nominal sentence will have either no overt verb or a verb in the form of the copula ol or y (variants of "be"). Examples of both are given below:[65]

definite (possessive) compound (belirtili tamlama). E.g. Türkiye'nin sesi "the voice of Turkey (radio station)": the voice belonging to Turkey. Here the relationship is shown by the genitive ending -in4 added to the first noun; the second noun has the third-person suffix of possession -(s)i4.

indefinite (qualifying) compound (belirtisiz tamlama). E.g. Türkiye Cumhuriyeti "Turkey-Republic = the Republic of Turkey": not the republic belonging to Turkey, but the Republic that is Turkey. Here the first noun has no ending; but the second noun has the ending (s)i4—the same as in definite compounds.

[o]

Sun Language Theory

Turkish name

Turkish Sign Language

List of English words of Turkic origin

Languages used on the Internet

Turkish bird language

Öztürkçe

Bazin, Louis (1975). "Turcs et Sogdiens: Les Enseignements de L'Inscription de Bugut (Mongolie), Mélanges Linguistiques Offerts à Émile Benveniste". Collection Linguistique, Publiée Par la Société de Linguistique de Paris (in French) (LXX): 37–45.

Encyclopaedia Britannica, Expo 70 Edition Vol 12. William Benton. 1970.

Ergin, Muharrem (1980). Orhun Abideleri (in Turkish). BoÄŸaziçi Yayınları.  0-19-517726-6.

ISBN

Ishjatms, N. (October 1996). "Nomads In Eastern Central Asia". History of civilizations of Central Asia. Vol. 2. UNESCO Publishing.  92-3-102846-4.

ISBN

(2001). "Hemshinli: The Forgotten Black Sea Armenians" (PDF). Harvard University. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 15, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-24.

Vaux, Bert

EyüboÄŸlu, Ä°smet Zeki (1991). Türk Dilinin Etimoloji Sözlüğü [Etymological Dictionary of the Turkish Language] (in Turkish). Sosyal Yayınları, Ä°stanbul.  978975-7384-72-4.

ISBN

Özel, Sevgi; Haldun Özen; Ali PüsküllüoÄŸlu, eds. (1986). Atatürk'ün Türk Dil Kurumu ve Sonrası [Atatürk's Turkish Language Association and its Legacy] (in Turkish). Bilgi Yayınevi, Ankara.  18836678.

OCLC

PüsküllüoÄŸlu, Ali (2004). ArkadaÅŸ Türkçe Sözlük [ArkadaÅŸ Turkish Dictionary] (in Turkish). ArkadaÅŸ Yayınevi, Ankara.  975-509-053-3.

ISBN

Rezvani, B. "Türkçe Mi: Türkçe’deki İrani (Farsca, Dimilce, Kurmançca) Orijinli kelimeler Sözlüğü.[Turkish title (roughly translated): Is this Turkish? An etymological dictionary of originally Iranic (Persian, Zazaki, and Kurmanji Kurdish) words]." (2006).

at Curlie

Turkish dictionaries

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Turkish language

(from Wiktionary's Swadesh-list appendix)

Swadesh list of Turkish basic vocabulary words

Turkish Language: Resources – University of Michigan