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Active measures

Active measures (Russian: активные мероприятия, romanizedaktivnye meropriyatiya) is a term used to describe political warfare conducted by the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. The term, which dates back to the 1920s, includes operations such as espionage, propaganda, sabotage and assassination, based on foreign policy objectives of the Soviet and Russian governments.[1][2][3] Active measures have continued to be used by the administration of Vladimir Putin.[4][5]

For other uses, see Active Measures (disambiguation).

Russian

активные мероприятия

aktivnye meropriyatiya

History[edit]

Defector Ion Mihai Pacepa claimed that Joseph Stalin coined the term disinformation in 1923 by giving it a French sounding name in order to deceive other nations into believing it was a practice invented in France. The noun disinformation does not originate from Russia, it is a translation of the French word désinformation.[7][8]

Attempts to discredit the , using writer Philip Agee (codenamed PONT), who exposed the identities of many CIA personnel. Mitrokhin alleges that Agee's bulletin CovertAction received assistance from the Soviet KGB and Cuban DGI[41]

Central Intelligence Agency

Stirring up racial tensions in the United States by mailing bogus letters from the , placing an explosive package in "the Negro section of New York" (Operation PANDORA)[42]

Ku Klux Klan

Planting claims that both and Martin Luther King Jr. had been assassinated by the CIA[43][44][45][46]

John F. Kennedy

In the Middle East in 1975, the KGB claimed to identify 45 statesmen from around the world who had been the victims of successful or unsuccessful CIA assassination attempts over the past decade

[45]

Make US military aid to the government (increased more than fivefold by the Reagan administration between 1981 and 1984) so unpopular within the United States that public opinion would demand that it be halted. About 150 committees were created in the United States which spoke out against US interference in El Salvador, and contacts were made with US Senators[45]

El Salvador

Starting rumors that fluoridated drinking water was in fact a plot by the US government to maintain population control

[43]

Fabrication of the story that the was manufactured by US scientists at Fort Detrick; the story was spread by Russian-born biologist Jakob Segal.[47] In a secondary role to the KGB during the operation, former East German spymaster Markus Wolf admitted, during a visit to Italy in 1998, the role of the HVA in spreading AIDS conspiracy theories[48]

AIDS virus

Baumann, Dr Robert F. (6 November 2015). . Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78289-965-5.

Russian-Soviet Unconventional Wars in the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Afghanistan [Illustrated Edition]

Darczewska, Jolanta & Żochowski, Piotr (June 2017). (PDF). Point of View. Centre for Eastern Studies. ISBN 978-83-65827-03-6.

"Active Measures: Russia's key export"

Digital Forensic Research Lab (2019). (PDF) (Report). Atlantic Council.

Operation "Secondary Infektion": A Suspected Russian Intelligence Operation Targeting Europe and the United States

Jones, Ishmael (2010). The Human Factor: Inside the CIA's Dysfunctional Intelligence Culture. New York City: Encounter Books.  978-1-59403-223-3.

ISBN

; Andrew, Christopher (2005). The World Was Going Our Way: The KGB and the Battle for the Third World. Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-00311-7.

Mitrokhin, Vasili

(2020). Active Measures: The Secret History of Disinformation and Political Warfare. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0374287269.

Rid, Thomas

. The Centre for Counterintelligence and Security Studies. 2007. Archived from the original on 14 June 2007.

"Crash Course in KGB/SVR/FSB Disinformation and Active Measures"

. Gale Encyclopedia of Espionage & Intelligence. Archived from the original on 30 July 2010 – via Answers.com.

"Disinformation"

. U.S. State Department. Archived from the original on 4 January 2007.

"Identifying Misinformation"

. Psywar.org. 1981. Archived from the original on 17 August 2018.

"Soviet Active Measures in the West and the Developing World"

Bittman, Lawrence (February 2000). . Perspective. X (3). Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy. Archived from the original on 10 June 2008.

"Disinforming the Public"

Clark, J. Ransom. . The Literature of Intelligence: A Bibliography of Materials, with Essays, Reviews, and Comments. Archived from the original on 12 January 2007.

"Soviet Active Measures: Deception, Disinformation, and Propaganda"

Elbaz, Michel (18 July 2005). . Axis Information and Analysis. Archived from the original on 23 February 2006.

"Russian Secret Services' Links with Al-Qaeda"

Greene Ernest (5 December 2017). . YouTube.

"Yuri Bezmenov: Deception Was My Job (Complete) 1984"

& Bodner, Matthew (1 March 2017). "The Secrets of Russia's Propaganda War, Revealed". The Moscow Times.

Kovalev, Alexey

Mattsson, Peter A. (2015). (PDF). CORE.

"Modern Russian Psychological Operations (PSYOPS)"

. The New York Times. 25 November 2018 – via YouTube.

"Operation InfeKtion: How Russia Perfected the Art of War"

U.S. Information Agency (June 1992). . The Literature of Intelligence: A Bibliography of Materials, with Essays, Reviews, and Comments.

"Soviet Active Measures in the 'Post-Cold War' Era 1988-1991"