Anarchism in Russia
Anarchism in Russia developed out of the populist and nihilist movements' dissatisfaction with the government reforms of the time.
The first Russian to identify himself as an anarchist was the revolutionary socialist Mikhail Bakunin, who became a founding figure of the modern anarchist movement within the International Workingmen's Association (IWA). In the context of the split within the IWA between the Marxists and the anarchists, the Russian Land and Liberty organization also split between a Marxist faction that supported political struggle and an anarchist faction that supported "propaganda of the deed", the latter of which went on to orchestrate the assassination of Alexander II.
Specifically anarchist groups such as the Black Banner began to emerge at the turn of the 20th century, culminating with the anarchist participation in the Russian Revolutions of 1905 and 1917. Though initially supportive of the Bolsheviks, many anarchists turned against them in the wake of the treaty of Brest-Litovsk, launching a "Third Revolution" against the government with the intention of restoring soviet democracy. But this attempted revolution was crushed by 1921, definitively ending with the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion and the defeat of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine.
The anarchist movement lived on during the time of the Soviet Union in small pockets, largely within the Gulag where anarchist political prisoners were sent, but by the late 1930s its old guard had either fled into exile, died or disappeared during the Great Purge. Following a number of uprisings in the wake of the death of Stalin, libertarian communism began to reconstitute itself within the dissident human rights movement, and by the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the anarchist movement had re-emerged onto the public sphere. In the modern day, anarchists make up a part of the opposition movement to the government of Vladimir Putin.
(1876–1879)
Land and Liberty
(1879–1887)
People's Will
(1903–?)
Chernoe Znamia
(1917–1918)
Moscow Federation of Anarchist Groups
(1917–1919)
Black Guards
(1920–1921)
Universalists
Confederation of Anarcho-Syndicalists (1988–1995)
Siberian Confederation of Labour (1995–present)
(1995–present)
Confederation of Revolutionary Anarcho-Syndicalists
(1996–2000)
New Revolutionary Alternative
(2002–present)
Autonomous Action
(2013–present)
People's Self-Defense
(2018–present)
Combat Organization of Anarcho-Communists
Anarchism in Belarus
Anarchism in Ukraine
History of communism in the Soviet Union
Kronstadt rebellion
Makhnovshchina
Platformism
(1966). "Anarchism and Anti-Intellectualism in Russia". Journal of the History of Ideas. 27 (3). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press: 381–90. doi:10.2307/2708592. ISSN 0022-5037. JSTOR 2708592. LCCN 42051802. OCLC 884607792.
Avrich, Paul
(1967). "The Anarchists in the Russian Revolution". The Russian Review. 26 (4). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell: 341–350. doi:10.2307/126893. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 126893. LCCN 43016148. OCLC 473067959.
Avrich, Paul
(1968). "Russian Anarchists and the Civil War". The Russian Review. 27 (3). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell: 296–306. doi:10.2307/127258. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 127258. LCCN 43016148. OCLC 473067959.
Avrich, Paul
(1971) [1967]. The Russian Anarchists. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00766-7. OCLC 1154930946.
Avrich, Paul
(1984). "Bolshevik Opposition to Lenin: G. T. Miasnikov and the Workers' Group". The Russian Review. 43 (1). Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley-Blackwell: 1–29. doi:10.2307/129715. ISSN 0036-0341. JSTOR 129715. LCCN 43016148. OCLC 473067959. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 28 December 2017.
Avrich, Paul
Goldberg, Joel Harold (1973). (PhD). Madison: University of Wisconsin. OCLC 36688081.
The Anarchists View the Bolshevik Regime, 1918–1922
Goodwin, James (2010). . Peter Lang. p. 48. ISBN 978-1-4331-0883-9.
Confronting Dostoevsky's Demons: Anarchism and the Specter of Bakunin in Twentieth-century Russia
Grossman, Henryk (30 November 2020). . BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-43211-6.
Henryk Grossman Works, Volume 2: Political Writings
(2008) [1992]. Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0-00-686245-1. OCLC 1112925421.
Marshall, Peter
McClellan, Woodford (1979). . Cass. ISBN 0-203-98802-7. OCLC 243606265. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
Revolutionary exiles: the Russians in the First International and the Paris Commune
McNeal, Robert (1974). Resolutions and decisions of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 0-8020-2157-3. OCLC 1189903.
ISBN
Ruff, Philip (1991). . London: AK Press. ISBN 9781872258065. OCLC 36919582. Archived from the original on 2021-08-09. Retrieved 2021-08-09.
Anarchy in the USSR
(2007a) [1974]. The Gulag Archipelago. Vol. 1. Translated by Whitney, Thomas P. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0061253713.
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr
(2007b) [1974]. The Gulag Archipelago. Vol. 2. Translated by Whitney, Thomas P. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0061253720.
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr
(2007c) [1974]. The Gulag Archipelago. Vol. 3. Translated by Whitney, Thomas P. Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0061253737.
Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr
(2014) [1957]. Road to Revolution: A Century of Russian Radicalism. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0691610412. OCLC 890439998.
Yarmolinsky, Avrahm
(1990). Statism and Anarchy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-36973-8.
Bakunin, Mikhail
(2010). The Tragic Procession: Alexander Berkman and Russian Prisoner Aid. London and Berkeley: Kate Sharpley Library and Alexander Berkman Social Club. ISBN 978-1-873605-90-5.
Berkman, Alexander
(1955) [1947]. The Unknown Revolution. Translated by Cantine, Holley. New York: Libertarian Book Club. ISBN 0919618251. OCLC 792898216.
Eichenbaum, Vsevolod Mikhailovich
(1954) [1906/1907]. "November 1901 - April 1907". Anarchism or Socialism?. Collected Works. Vol. 1. Foreign Languages Publishing House. OCLC 500187899.
Stalin, Joseph
(1883). Underground Russia. London: Smith, Elder & Co. OCLC 1068607124. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011.
Stepniak, Sergei
(1899) [1877]. What Is to Be Done?. New York: Crowell. ISBN 143449425X. OCLC 320522431.
Tolstoy, Leo
Archived 2009-09-14 at the Wayback Machine (1921–1953) from Libcom.org
A chronology of Russian anarchism
from the Kate Sharpley Library
Articles on Bolshevik repression of anarchists after 1917
Interview with Mikhail Tsovma