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Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie (English: /kɑːrˈnɛɡi/ kar-NEG-ee, Scots: [kɑrˈnɛːɡi];[2][3][note 1] November 25, 1835 – August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist and philanthropist. Carnegie led the expansion of the American steel industry in the late 19th century and became one of the richest Americans in history.[5] He became a leading philanthropist in the United States, Great Britain, and the British Empire. During the last 18 years of his life, he gave away around $350 million (roughly $6.5 billion in 2023),[6] almost 90 percent of his fortune, to charities, foundations and universities.[7] His 1889 article proclaiming "The Gospel of Wealth" called on the rich to use their wealth to improve society, expressed support for progressive taxation and an estate tax, and stimulated a wave of philanthropy.

Andrew Carnegie

(1835-11-25)November 25, 1835

Dunfermline, Fife, Scotland

August 11, 1919(1919-08-11) (aged 83)

Lenox, Massachusetts, U.S.

Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Sleepy Hollow, New York, U.S.

Industrialist, Philanthropist

Founding and leading the Carnegie Steel Company

Founding the Carnegie Library, Carnegie Hall, Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Corporation of New York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Carnegie Mellon University, Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie United Kingdom Trust, Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs, Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, and the Carnegie Hero Fund

Republican[1]

​
(m. 1887)​

Margaret Carnegie Miller

William Carnegie
Margaret Morrison Carnegie

Thomas M. Carnegie (brother) George Lauder (first cousin) George Lauder Sr. (uncle)

Carnegie was born in Dunfermline, Scotland, and immigrated to what is now Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States with his parents in 1848 at the age of 12. Carnegie started work as a telegrapher, and by the 1860s had investments in railroads, railroad sleeping cars, bridges, and oil derricks. He accumulated further wealth as a bond salesman, raising money for American enterprise in Europe. He built Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company, which he sold to J. P. Morgan in 1901 for $303,450,000 (equal to $11,113,550,000 today);[8] it formed the basis of the U.S. Steel Corporation. After selling Carnegie Steel, he surpassed John D. Rockefeller as the richest American of the time.[9]


Carnegie devoted the remainder of his life to large-scale philanthropy, with special emphasis on building local libraries, world peace, education, and scientific research. He funded the Carnegie Hall in New York City, the Peace Palace in The Hague, founded the Carnegie Corporation of New York, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, Carnegie Institution for Science, Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland, Carnegie Hero Fund, Carnegie Mellon University, and the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, among others.

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania

Carnegie library, Macomb, Illinois

Carnegie library, Macomb, Illinois

Edinburgh Central Library

Edinburgh Central Library

Yorkville Library, Ontario.

Yorkville Library, Ontario.

Carnegie Library at Syracuse University, New York

Carnegie Library at Syracuse University, New York

Carnegie Library, Moorreesburg, South Africa

Carnegie Library, Moorreesburg, South Africa

Philosophy

Politics

Carnegie gave "formal allegiance" to the Republican Party, though he was said to be "a violent opponent of some of the most sacred doctrines" of the party.[97]

Andrew Carnegie Dictum

In his final days, Carnegie had pneumonia. Before his death on August 11, 1919, Carnegie had donated $350,695,654 for various causes. The "Andrew Carnegie Dictum" was:

The dinosaur (Hatcher) was named for Carnegie after he sponsored the expedition that discovered its remains in the Morrison Formation (Jurassic) of Utah. Carnegie was so proud of "Dippy" that he had casts made of the bones and plaster replicas of the whole skeleton donated to several museums in Europe and South America. The original fossil skeleton is assembled and stands in the Hall of Dinosaurs at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Diplodocus carnegiei

After the , Carnegie offered to donate $20 million to the Philippines so they could buy their independence.

Spanish–American War

,[153] and Carnegie, Oklahoma, were named in his honor.

Carnegie, Pennsylvania

The cactus's scientific name, Carnegiea gigantea, is named after him.

Saguaro

The for the best children's literature published in the UK was established in his name.

Carnegie Medal

The Carnegie Faculty of Sport and Education, at , UK, is named after him.

Leeds Beckett University

The concert halls in and New York are named after him.

Dunfermline

At the height of his career, Carnegie was the second-richest person in the world, behind only of Standard Oil.

John D. Rockefeller

in Pittsburgh was named after Carnegie, who founded the institution as the Carnegie Technical Schools.

Carnegie Vanguard High School

Carnegie Mellon University

Lauder College (named after his uncle ) in the Halbeath area of Dunfermline was renamed Carnegie College in 2007.

George Lauder Sr.

A street in (Serbia), next to the Belgrade University Library which is one of the Carnegie libraries, is named in his honor.

Belgrade

An American high school, in Houston, Texas, is named after him[154]

Carnegie Vanguard High School

Carnegie was awarded the Freedom of the Burgh of in Scotland in 1903, prior to laying the foundation stone of Loanhead Public School.[155]

Kilmarnock

Our Coaching Trip, Brighton to Inverness (1882).

An American Four-in-hand in Britain (1883).

. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1884).

Round the World

. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1886).

An American Four-in-Hand in Britain

. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons (1886).

Triumphant Democracy, or, Fifty Years' March of the Republic

(1889).

The Gospel of Wealth

New York: The Century Co. (1901).

The Gospel of Wealth and Other Timely Essays.

The Empire of Business

The Secret of Business is the Management of Men (1903).

[158]

(Famous Scots Series). New York: Doubleday, Page and Co. (1905).

James Watt

New York: Doubleday, Page and Co. (1907).

Problems of Today: Wealth–Labor–Socialism.

Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie

Audiobook

Carnegie was a frequent contributor to periodicals on labor issues.


Books


Articles


Pamphlets


Public speaking


Collected works

Carnegie (disambiguation)

Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps

History of public library advocacy

List of Carnegie libraries in the United States

List of peace activists

List of richest Americans in history

List of colleges and universities named after people

, ed. (1911). "Carnegie, Andrew" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

Chisholm, Hugh

Edge, Laura Bufano (2004). . Lerner Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8225-4965-9. OCLC 760059951.

Andrew Carnegie: Industrial Philanthropist

MacKay, J. A. (1997). Little Boss: A life of Andrew Carnegie. Mainstream.  978-1851588329.

ISBN

Andrew Carnegie

(1989). Andrew Carnegie. ISBN 0822959046. Along with Nasaw the most detailed scholarly biography.

Wall, Joseph Frazier

Winkler, John K. (2006). Incredible Carnegie. Read Books.  978-1-4067-2946-7.

ISBN

Bostaph, Samuel (2015). Andrew Carnegie: An Economic Biography. Lanham, MD: . ISBN 978-0739189832. 125pp online review

Lexington Books

Ernsberger Jr., Richard. "Robber Baron turned Robin Hood" American History (Feb 2015) 49#6 pp. 32–41, cover story.

Farrah, Margaret Ann. "Andrew Carnegie: A Psychohistorical Sketch" (PhD dissertation, Carnegie Mellon University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1982. 8209384).

Goldin, Milton (1997). "Andrew Carnegie and the Robber Baron Myth." In: Myth America: A Historical Anthology, Volume II. Gerster, Patrick, and Cords, Nicholas. (editors.) St. James, NY: Brandywine Press  1881089975.

ISBN

Harvey, Charles, et al. Andrew Carnegie and the foundations of contemporary entrepreneurial philanthropy. Business History (2011) 53#3 pp. 425–450.

Hendrick, Burton Jesse (1933). The life of Andrew Carnegie (2 vol.)

vol 2 online

Josephson, Matthew (1938). The Robber Barons: The Great American Capitalists, 1861–1901.  9991847995.

ISBN

Krass, Peter (2002). Carnegie. Wiley.  0471386308. scholarly biography.

ISBN

Lagemann, Ellen Condliffe (1992). . University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0226467801.

The Politics of Knowledge: The Carnegie Corporation, Philanthropy, and Public Policy

Lester, Robert M. (1941). Forty Years of Carnegie Giving: A Summary of the Benefactions of Andrew Carnegie and of the Work of the Philanthropic Trusts Which He Created. New York: .

Charles Scribner's Sons

Livesay, Harold C. (1999). ISBN 0321432878. short biography by a scholar.

Andrew Carnegie and the Rise of Big Business, 2nd ed.

Lorenzen, Michael. (1999). "Deconstructing the Carnegie Libraries: The Sociological Reasons Behind Carnegie's Millions to Public Libraries". Illinois Libraries. 81 (2): 75–78.

McGormick, Blaine, and Burton W. Folsom Jr. "Survey of Business Historians on America's Greatest Entrepreneurs." Business History Review (2003), 77#4, pp. 703–716. Carnegie ranks #3 behind Ford and Rockefeller.

Patterson, David S. (1970). "Andrew Carnegie's Quest for World Peace." 114#5 (1970): 371–383. JSTOR 985802.

Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society

Rees, Jonathan. (1997). "Homestead in Context: Andrew Carnegie and the Decline of the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers." Pennsylvania History 64(4): 509–533.  0031-4528.

ISSN

Skrabec Jr, Quentin R. Henry Clay Frick: The life of the perfect capitalist (McFarland, 2010).

online

Skrabec Jr, Quentin R. The Carnegie Boys: The Lieutenants of Andrew Carnegie that Changed America (McFarland, 2012) .

online

VanSlyck, Abigail A. (1991). "'The Utmost Amount of Effective Accommodation': Andrew Carnegie and the Reform of the American Library." . 50(4): 359–383. ISSN 0037-9808.

Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians

Zimmerman, Jonathan. "Simplified Spelling and the Cult of Efficiency in the 'Progressiv' Era." Journal of the Gilded Age & Progressive Era (2010) 9#3 pp. 365–394

Documentary: "Andrew Carnegie: Rags to Riches, Power to Peace"

Carnegie Birthplace Museum website

. UK National Archives.

"Archival material relating to Andrew Carnegie"

at Internet Archive

Works by or about Andrew Carnegie

at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Works by Andrew Carnegie

Booknotes interview with Peter Krass on Carnegie, November 24, 2002.

in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW

Newspaper clippings about Andrew Carnegie

Marguerite Martyn, "Andrew Carnegie on Prosperity, Income Tax, and the Blessings of Poverty," May 1, 1914, City Desk Publishing