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Aquaculture of salmonids

The aquaculture of salmonids is the farming and harvesting of salmonid fish under controlled conditions for both commercial and recreational purposes. Salmonids (particularly salmon and rainbow trout), along with carp and tilapia, are the three most important fish groups in aquaculture.[2] The most commonly commercially farmed salmonid is the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar).

In the United States, Chinook salmon and rainbow trout are the most commonly farmed salmonids for recreational and subsistence fishing through the National Fish Hatchery System.[3] In Europe, brown trout are the most commonly reared fish for recreational restocking.[4] Commonly farmed non-salmonid fish groups include tilapia, catfish, black sea bass and bream. In 2007, the aquaculture of salmonids was worth USD $10.7 billion globally. Salmonid aquaculture production grew over ten-fold during the 25 years from 1982 to 2007. In 2012, the leading producers of salmonids were Norway, Chile, Scotland and Canada.[5]


Much controversy exists about the ecological and health impacts of intensive salmonids aquaculture. Of particular concern are the impacts on wild salmon and other marine life.

1527: The life history of the Atlantic salmon is described by of the University of Aberdeen, Scotland.[81]

Hector Boece

1763: Fertilization trials for Atlantic salmon take place in Germany. Later biologists refined these in Scotland and France.

[81]

1854: Salmon spawing beds and rearing ponds built along the bank of a river by the Dohulla Fishery, , Ireland.[119]

Ballyconneely

1864: Hatchery raised Atlantic salmon fry were released in the , Tasmania in a failed attempt to establish a population in Australia[120]

River Plenty

1892: Hatchery raised Atlantic salmon fry were released in the in South Africa in a failed attempt to establish a population in Africa.[121]

Umkomass river

Late 19th century: Salmon are used in Europe, North America, and Japan to enhance wild populations.

hatcheries

1961: Hatchery raised Atlantic salmon fry were released in the rivers of the in a failed attempt to establish a population in the South Atlantic.[122]

Falkland Islands

Late 1960s: First salmon farms established in Norway and Scotland.

1970: Hatchery raised Atlantic salmon fry were released in the rivers of the in a failed attempt to establish a population in the Indian Ocean.[123]

Kerguelen Islands

Early 1970s: Salmon farms established in North America.

1975: , a small monogenean parasite, spreads from Norwegian hatcheries to wild salmon, probably by means of fishing gear, and devastates some wild salmon populations.[38]

Gyrodactylus

Late 1970s: Salmon farms established in Chile and New Zealand.

1984: , a viral disease, is discovered in a Norwegian salmon hatchery. Eighty percent of the involved fish die.

Infectious salmon anemia

1985: Salmon farms established in Australia.

1987: First reports of escaped Atlantic salmon being caught in wild Pacific salmon fisheries.

1988: A storm hits the Faroe Islands releasing millions of Atlantic salmon.

1989: , a bacterial disease, spreads through Norwegian salmon farms and wild salmon.

Furunculosis

1996: World farmed salmon production exceeds wild salmon harvest.

2007: A 10-square-mile (26 km2) swarm of jellyfish wipes out a 100,000 fish salmon farm in Northern Ireland.[124]

Pelagia noctiluca

2019: The first salmon fish farm in the Middle East is established in the United Arab Emirates.

[125]

2021: Open-net salmon farming is banned in , Argentina.[126]

Tierra del Fuego

Chapter 14 of 's 2007 novel Salmon Fishing in the Yemen includes a description of a visit to the "McSalmon Aqua Farms" where salmon are raised caged in a sea loch in Scotland.

Paul Torday

Beveridge, Malcolm (1984) FAO Fisheries technical paper 255, Rome. ISBN 92-5-102163-5

Cage and Pen fish farming: Carrying capacity models and environmental impact

Bjorndal, Trond (1990) The Economics of Salmon Aquaculture. Wiley-Blackwell.  978-0-632-02704-0

ISBN

Coimbra, João (1 January 2001). . IOS Press. pp. 32–. ISBN 978-0-9673355-6-8.

Modern Aquaculture in the Coastal Zone: Lessons and Opportunities

Harris, Graeme; Milner, Nigel (12 March 2007). . Wiley. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-1-4051-2991-6.

Sea Trout: Biology, Conservation and Management

Heen K., Monahan R. L. and Utter F. (1993) Salmon Aquaculture, Wiley-Blackwell.  978-0-85238-204-2

ISBN

Knapp G., Roheim C. A. and Anderson J. A. (2007) Report of the Institute of Social and Economic Research, University of Alaska Anchorage. ISBN 0-89164-175-0.

The Great Salmon Run: Competition between Wild and Farmed Salmon

Lustig, B. Andrew; Brody, Baruch A.; McKenny, Gerald P. (1 November 2008). . Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 321–. ISBN 978-1-4020-6923-9.

Altering Nature: Volume II: Religion, Biotechnology, and Public Policy

Pomeroy R., Bravo-Ureta B. E., Solis D. and Johnston R. J. (2008) International Journal of Environment and Pollution 33(4) 485–500.

"Bioeconomic modelling and salmon aquaculture: an overview of the literature"

Quinn, Thomas P. (2005). . American Fisheries Society. pp. 18–. ISBN 978-0-295-98457-5.

The Behavior and Ecology of Pacific Salmon and Trout

British Columbia Salmon Farming Association, "Did you Know"

[1]

Archived 2011-04-23 at the Wayback Machine – Trade association representing the salmon aquaculture industry in British Columbia, Canada.

BC Salmon Farmers Association

Canadian association representing all salmon farms in Canada.

CAIA – Canadian Industry Aquaculture Association

– Salmon Aquaculture Dialogue, a "multi-stakeholder roundtable" led by the World Wildlife Fund

Creating Standards for Responsibly Farmed Salmon

Watershed Watch Salmon Society

Independent association which promotes salmon farming in British Columbia, Canada.

Positive Aquaculture Awareness

– Video extract from Harvest of Fear.

What about this fish?