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Sound recording and reproduction

Sound recording and reproduction is the electrical, mechanical, electronic, or digital inscription and re-creation of sound waves, such as spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, or sound effects. The two main classes of sound recording technology are analog recording and digital recording.

"Sound recorder" redirects here. For the audio recording program computer software, see Windows Voice Recorder.

Acoustic analog recording is achieved by a microphone diaphragm that senses changes in atmospheric pressure caused by acoustic sound waves and records them as a mechanical representation of the sound waves on a medium such as a phonograph record (in which a stylus cuts grooves on a record). In magnetic tape recording, the sound waves vibrate the microphone diaphragm and are converted into a varying electric current, which is then converted to a varying magnetic field by an electromagnet, which makes a representation of the sound as magnetized areas on a plastic tape with a magnetic coating on it. Analog sound reproduction is the reverse process, with a larger loudspeaker diaphragm causing changes to atmospheric pressure to form acoustic sound waves.


Digital recording and reproduction converts the analog sound signal picked up by the microphone to a digital form by the process of sampling. This lets the audio data be stored and transmitted by a wider variety of media. Digital recording stores audio as a series of binary numbers (zeros and ones) representing samples of the amplitude of the audio signal at equal time intervals, at a sample rate high enough to convey all sounds capable of being heard. A digital audio signal must be reconverted to analog form during playback before it is amplified and connected to a loudspeaker to produce sound.

International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives

(2 Vols.) (2nd ed.). Routledge. 2005 [1993].

Encyclopedia of Recorded Sound

Barlow, Sanna Morrison. Mountain Singing: the Story of Gospel Recordings in the Philippines. Hong Kong: Alliance Press, 1952. 352 p.

Coleman, Mark, , Da Capo Press, 2003.

Playback: from the Victrola to MP3, 100 years of music, machines, and money

(1977). Andrew Farkas (ed.). The Music Goes Round. New Haven: Ayer. ISBN 9780405096785.

Gaisberg, Frederick W.

Gronow, Pekka, , Popular Music, Vol. 3, Producers and Markets (1983), pp. 53–75, Cambridge University Press.

"The Record Industry: The Growth of a Mass Medium"

Gronow, Pekka, and Saunio, Ilpo, "An International History of the Recording Industry", [translated from the Finnish by Christopher Moseley], London; New York : Cassell, 1998.  0-304-70173-4

ISBN

Lipman, Samuel,"The House of Music: Art in an Era of Institutions", 1984. See the chapter on "Getting on Record", pp. 62–75, about the early record industry and Fred Gaisberg and and FFRR (Full Frequency Range Recording).

Walter Legge

Millard, Andre J., "America on record : a history of recorded sound", Cambridge; New York : Cambridge University Press, 1995.  0-521-47544-9

ISBN

Millard, Andre J., , UAB Reporter, 2005, University of Alabama at Birmingham.

" From Edison to the iPod"

Milner, Greg, , Faber & Faber; 1 edition (June 9, 2009) ISBN 978-0-571-21165-4. Cf. p. 14 on H. Stith Bennett and "recording consciousness".

"Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music"

Read, Oliver, and Walter L. Welch, From Tin Foil to Stereo: Evolution of the Phonograph, Second ed., Indianapolis, Ind.: H.W. Same & Co., 1976. N.B.: This is an historical account of the development of sound recording technology.  0-672-21205-6 pbk.

ISBN

Read, Oliver, The Recording and Reproduction of Sound, Indianapolis, Ind.: H.W. Sams & Co., 1952. N.B.: This is a pioneering engineering account of sound recording technology.

at the Wayback Machine (archived March 12, 2010), San Diego University

"Recording Technology History: notes revised July 6, 2005, by Steven Schoenherr"

St-Laurent, Gilles, "Notes on the Degradation of Sound Recordings", National Library [of Canada] News, vol. 13, no. 1 (Jan. 1991), p. 1, 3–4.

McWilliams, Jerry. The Preservation and Restoration of Sound Recordings. Nashville, Tenn.: American Association for State and Local History, 1979.  0-910050-41-4

ISBN

Weir, Bob, et al. Century of Sound: 100 Years of Recorded Sound, 1877-1977. Executive writer, Bob Weir; project staff writers, Brian Gorman, Jim Simons, Marty Melhuish. [Toronto?]: Produced by Studio 123, cop. 1977. N.B.: Published on the occasion of an exhibition commemorating the centennial of recorded sound, held at the fairground of the annual Canadian National Exhibition, Toronto, Ont., as one of the C.N.E.'s 1977 events. Without ISBN

Interviews with practitioners in all areas of the recording industry. British Library

Oral history of recorded sound

– tens of thousands of recordings showcasing audio history from 19th century wax cylinders to the present day. British Library

Archival Sound Recordings

History of Recorded Sound. New York Public Library

– A podcast about the history of the phonograph, gramophone, and sound recording/reproduction.

Noise in the Groove

under Creative Commons Licence

Audio Engineering online course

at A History of Central Florida Podcast

Recorded Music

Millard, Andre, , Lost and Found Sound, interview on National Public Radio.

"Edison's Tone Tests and the Ideal of Perfect Reproduction"

Will Straw; ; Edward B. Moogk. "Recorded sound production". Encyclopedia of Music in Canada. Retrieved August 19, 2019.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

Helmut Kallmann