Backlash (sociology)

A backlash is a strong adverse reaction to an idea, action, or object. It is usually a reflection of a normative resentment rather than a denial of its existence. In Western identitarian political discourse, the term is commonly applied to instances of bias and discrimination against marginalized groups. In this form of discourse, backlash can be explained as the response- or counter reaction- to efforts of social change made by a group to gain access to rights or power.

13th Amendment — were racial backlash in response to the amendment to the United States constitution.

Jim Crow Laws

Civil rights — Voting restrictions implemented.

Women's Movement — Backlash centered on infertility issues, women's "biological clock" and shortage of men.

[1]

— Impacted women in the workforce. Men were more reluctant to hire women deemed attractive, more reluctant to have one-on-one meetings with women, and had greater fears of being unfairly accused. In addition to this, 56% of women surveyed predicted that men would continue to harass them but would be more cautious to avoid being caught.^[2] Backlash of date-rape prevalent with misleading language used in media. In 1987 it was called an "epidemic" and in 1993, "rape hype"; terms that were exaggerated and victim oriented.^[3]

Me Too Movement

[4]

Racial backlash — Former President Donald Trump wins the running a right-wing populist campaign that heavily utilized dog whistle rhetoric and other coded appeals to "white anxiety" over growing multiculturalism in the United States; Trump previously promulgated the "Birther" conspiracy theory that claimed the presidency of his predecessor, Barack Obama, was not legitimate by falsely asserting Obama was not born in the United States.^[5]

2016 U.S. presidential election

— Bathroom bills and medical bans are proposed to restrict the rights of transgender youth and adults. Arguments center around fair play in sports and sexual harassment in bathrooms.^[6]

LGBT backlash

— Blue Lives Matter and All Lives Matter campaigns created in response.^[7]

Black Lives Matter

Bikelash - A colloquial term about the social and political resistance to the creation of urban infrastructure intended to accommodate safer , seemingly at the expense of the use of automobiles.^[8]

cycling

Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women

EDSA III

Estallido social

Feminazi

Straight pride

White backlash

White Lives Matter

Yellow vests movement

Angry young man (South Korea)

Anger

Thomas, Sue (December 2008). "'Backlash' and Its Utility to Political Scientists". Politics & Gender. 4 (04): 615–623. :10.1017/S1743923X08000494. ISSN 1743-9248. S2CID 144647905.

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Greendorfer, Susan L. (1998-04-01). "Title IX Gender Equity, Backlash and Ideology". Women in Sport and Physical Activity Journal. 7 (1): 69–93. :10.1123/wspaj.7.1.69. ISSN 1063-6161.

doi

Pierce, Jennifer L. (2003-09-01). "Traveling from Feminism to Mainstream Sociology and Back: One Woman's Tale of Tenure and the Politics of Backlash". Qualitative Sociology. 26 (3): 369–396. :10.1023/A:1024070310729. ISSN 1573-7837. S2CID 142585188.

doi

Alexander, Jeffrey C. (1990-09-13). . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521396479.

Durkheimian Sociology: Cultural Studies

Pierce, Jennifer L. (2003-03-01). ""Racing for Innocence": Whiteness, Corporate Culture, and the Backlash Against Affirmative Action". Qualitative Sociology. 26 (1): 53–70. :10.1023/A:1021404020349. ISSN 1573-7837. S2CID 140760711.

doi

Lindbekk, Tore (1998-04-01). "The Education Backlash Hypothesis: The Norwegian Experience 1960-92". Acta Sociologica. 41 (2–3): 151–162. :10.1177/000169939804100204. ISSN 0001-6993. S2CID 145098305.

doi

Bozorgmehr, Mehdi (2012-05-01). "Behind the Backlash: Muslim Americans after 9/11". Contemporary Sociology. 41 (3): 358–359. :10.1177/0094306112443520cc. ISSN 0094-3061. S2CID 144587958.

doi

Mann, Kirk; Roseneil, Sasha (1994-11-01). "'Some Mothers Do 'Ave 'Em': Backlash and the gender politics of the underclass debate". Journal of Gender Studies. 3 (3): 317–331. :10.1080/09589236.1994.9960579. ISSN 0958-9236.

doi

Rogers, Mary F.; Lott, Phillip B. (1997-06-01). "Backlash, the Matrix of Domination, and Log Cabin Republicans". The Sociological Quarterly. 38 (3): 497–512. :10.1111/j.1533-8525.1997.tb00489.x. ISSN 0038-0253.

doi

Phelan, Julie E.; Rudman, Laurie A. (2010). "Prejudice Toward Female Leaders: Backlash Effects and Women's Impression Management Dilemma". Social and Personality Psychology Compass. 4 (10): 807–820. :10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00306.x. ISSN 1751-9004.

doi

Kennedy, Mary; Lubelska, Cathy; Walsh, Val (2005-08-04). . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781135749798.

Making Connections: Women's Studies, Women's Movements, Women's Lives

Pierce, Jennifer L. (2013). "White Racism, Social Class, and the Backlash Against Affirmative Action". Sociology Compass. 7 (11): 914–926. :10.1111/soc4.12082. ISSN 1751-9020.

doi

Alexander, Jeffrey C. (2013-04-01). "Struggling over the mode of incorporation: backlash against multiculturalism in Europe". Ethnic and Racial Studies. 36 (4): 531–556. :10.1080/01419870.2012.752515. ISSN 0141-9870. S2CID 33590706.