Boko Haram
Boko Haram, officially known as Jamā'at Ahl as-Sunnah lid-Da'wah wa'l-Jihād[22] (Arabic: جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد, lit. 'Group of the People of Sunnah for Dawah and Jihad'),[23] is an Islamist jihadist organization based in northeastern Nigeria, which is also active in Chad, Niger, northern Cameroon, and Mali.[11] In 2016, the group split, resulting in the emergence of a hostile faction known as the Islamic State's West Africa Province.
Not to be confused with Islamic State – West Africa Province.Boko Haram
Mohammed Yusuf 
(2002–2009)
Abubakar Shekau † (2009–2021)
Abu Umaimata (2022–present)
2002–present
Ansaru (2009–2012)
Islamic State (2015–2016)
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (2007–2015) Ansaru (2012–2015)
Ansar Dine (2012–2013)
MOJWA (2012–2013) Al-Mulathameen (2013)
Multinational Joint Task Force
Nigeria
Cameroon[11][12][13][14]
Niger[11][12][13][14]
Chad[11][15]
Ghana
Senegal[16]
Benin (announced)[12][13][14]
Australia
Belarus[17]
Belgium
Canada
China[18]
Croatia
Egypt[19][20]
France
Germany
Netherlands
Poland
Portugal
Russia[21]
Spain
Sweden
Turkey
United States
United Kingdom
Non-state opponents
Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2002, the group was led by Abubakar Shekau from 2009 until his death in 2021, although it splintered into other groups after Yusuf's death and also in 2015.[24] When the group was first formed, their main goal was to "purify", meaning to spread Sunni Islam, and destroy Shia Islam in northern Nigeria,[25] believing jihad should be delayed until the group was strong enough to overthrow the Nigerian government.[26] The group formerly aligned itself with the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant.[27][28] The group has been known for its brutality,[29] and since the insurgency started in 2009, Boko Haram has killed tens of thousands of people, in frequent attacks against the police, armed forces and civilians. It has resulted in the deaths of more than 300,000 children[30] and has displaced 2.3 million from their homes.[31] Boko Haram has contributed to regional food crises and famines.[29]
After its founding in 2002, Boko Haram's increasing radicalisation led to the suppression operation by the Nigerian military and the killing of its leader Mohammed Yusuf in July 2009.[32] Its unexpected resurgence, following a mass prison break in September 2010 in Bauchi, was accompanied by increasingly sophisticated attacks, initially against soft targets, but progressing in 2011 to include suicide bombings of police buildings and the United Nations office in Abuja. The government's establishment of a state of emergency at the beginning of 2012, extended in the following year to cover the entire northeast of Nigeria, led to an increase in both security force abuses and militant attacks.[33][24][34][35]
Of the 2.3 million people displaced by the conflict since May 2013, at least 250,000 left Nigeria and fled to Cameroon, Chad or Niger.[36] Boko Haram killed over 6,600 people in 2014.[37][38] The group has carried out massacres including the killing by fire of 59 schoolboys in February 2014 and mass abductions including the kidnapping of 276 schoolgirls in Chibok, Borno State, Nigeria, in April 2014. Corruption in the security services and human rights abuses committed by them have hampered efforts to counter the unrest.[39][40]
In mid-2014, the militants gained control of swaths of territory in and around their home state of Borno, estimated at 50,000 square kilometres (20,000 sq mi) in January 2015, but did not capture the state capital, Maiduguri, where the group was originally based.[41] On 7 March 2015, Boko Haram's leader Abubakar Shekau pledged allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. According to the BBC, due to internal disputes between the two groups, hundreds of terrorists left Boko Haram and formed their own organization, named "Islamic State's West Africa Province".[42][43][44] In September 2015, the Director of Information at the Defence Headquarters of Nigeria announced that all Boko Haram camps had been destroyed but attacks from the group continue.[45] In 2019, the president of Nigeria, Muhammadu Buhari, claimed that Boko Haram was "technically defeated".[46] Shekau was killed and confirmed to be dead in May 2021.[47]
Name[edit]
The organization's name has always been Group of the People of Sunnah for Dawa and Jihad (Arabic: جماعة أهل السنة للدعوة والجهاد, romanized: Jamā'atu Ahli is-Sunnah lid-Da'wati wal-Jihād).[48] It was also known as the West African Province (Wilayat Garb Ifrqiya), and, after pledging allegiance to Islamic State in 2015, was briefly called Islamic State in West Africa (ISWA) or Islamic State's West African Province (ISWAP). The group fractured in 2016, however, and ISWAP and Boko Haram are now separate groups.[49]
The name Boko Haram is usually translated as "Western education is forbidden". "Haram" is from the Arabic حَرَام (ḥarām, "forbidden") and the Hausa word boko (the first vowel is long, the second pronounced in a low tone), meaning "fake",[50][51] which is used to refer to secular Western education.[52] In a 2009 statement they denounced that translation as the work of the "infidel media", claiming the true translation is "Western Civilization is forbidden", and that they are not "opposed to formal education coming from the West" but "believe in the supremacy of Islamic culture (not education)".[53][54] Other translations in English include "Western influence is a sin",[55] and "Westernization is sacrilege".[24] Until the death of its founder Mohammed Yusuf, the group was also reportedly known as Yusifiyya. Northern Nigerians have commonly dismissed Western education as ilimin boko ("fake education") and secular schools as makaranta boko ("fake school").[51][52][56][57]
Organisation[edit]
Leader[edit]
Boko Haram was founded by Mohammed Yusuf who led the group from 2002 until his death in 2009. After his death, his deputy Abubakar Shekau took control of the group and led it until his suicide in 2021.
Although Boko Haram is organized in a hierarchical structure with one overall leader, the group also operates as a clandestine cell system using a network structure,[328] with units having between 300 and 500 fighters each. Estimates of the total number of fighters range between 500 and 9,000.[329][330][331]