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Bukharan Jews

Bukharan Jews (Bukharian: יהודיאני בוכארא/яҳудиёни Бухоро, Yahudiyoni Bukhoro; Hebrew: יְהוּדֵי־בּוּכָרָה, Yehudey Bukhara), in modern times called Bukharian Jews (Bukharian: יהודי בוכרה/яҳудиёни бухорӣ, Yahudiyoni Bukhorī; Hebrew: יְהוּדִים־בּוּכָרִים, Yehudim Bukharim), are the Mizrahi Jewish sub-group of Central Asia that historically spoke Bukharian, a Judeo-Tajik[4][3][5] dialect of the Tajik language, in turn a variety of the Persian language. Their name comes from the former Central Asian Emirate of Bukhara (now primarily Uzbekistan), which once had a sizable Jewish population. Bukharan Jews are of Persian-Jewish ancestry, though they are considered one of the oldest ethno-religious groups of Central Asia and over the centuries developed their own distinct culture.[3][6][4]

Total population

160,000

15,000

3,000–3,500

2,000

1,500

1,000

Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the great majority have immigrated to Israel or the United States while others have immigrated to Europe or Australia.

Name and language[edit]

The Bukharan Jews originally called themselves Bnei Israel, which relates specifically to the Israelites of Assyrian captivity. The term Bukharan was coined by European travellers who visited Central Asia around the 16th century. Since most of the Jewish community at the time lived under the Emirate of Bukhara, they came to be known as Bukharan Jews. The name by which the community called itself is "Bnei Isro'il".[7]


Bukharan Jews used Bukharian or Bukhori, a Jewish dialect of the Tajik language (in turn a variety of Farsi) with linguistic elements of Hebrew, to communicate among themselves.[3] This language was used for all cultural and educational life among the Jews. It was used widely until Central Asia was "Russified" by the Soviet Union and the dissemination of "religious" information was halted. The elderly Bukharian generation used Bukhori as their primary language but largely speak Russian (sometimes with a slight Bukharian accent). The younger generation use Russian as their primary language, but often do understand or speak Bukharian.


The first primary written account of Jews in Central Asia dates to the beginning of the 4th century CE. It is recalled in the Talmud by Rabbi Shmuel bar Bisna, a member of the Talmudic academy in Pumbeditha, who traveled to Margiana (present-day Merv in Turkmenistan).[8] The presence of Jewish communities in Merv is also proven by Jewish writings on ossuaries from the 5th and 6th centuries, uncovered between 1954 and 1956.[9]

Osh palov – a Bukharan Jewish version of for weekdays, includes both beef and chicken.

palov

Bakhsh – "green palov", rice with meat or chicken and green herbs (, parsley, dill), exists in two varieties; bakhshi khaltagi cooked Jewish-style in a small bag immersed in a pot with boiling water or soup and bakhshi degi cooked like regular palov in a cauldron;[74] bakhshi khaltagi is precooked and therefore can be served on Shabbat.

coriander

Oshi sabo (also osh savo or osovoh), a "meal in a pot" slowly cooked overnight and eaten hot for lunch. Oshi sabo is made with meat, rice, vegetables, and fruit added for a unique sweet and sour taste.[75] By virtue of its culinary function (a hot Shabbat meal in Jewish homes) and ingredients (rice, meat, vegetables cooked together overnight), oshi sabo is a Bukharan version of cholent or hamin.

Shabbat

Khalta savo – food cooked in a bag (usually rice and meat, possibly with the addition of dried fruit).[76]

[71]

Yakhni – a dish consisting of two kinds of boiled meat (beef and chicken), brought whole to the table and sliced before serving with a little broth and a garnish of boiled vegetables; a main course for .[71]

Friday night dinner

Kov roghan – fried pieces of chicken with fried potatoes piled on top.

[77]

Serkaniz (Sirkoniz) – garlic rice dish, another variation of .[78]

palov

Oshi piyozi – stuffed onion.

[74]

Shulah – a Bukharan-style .

risotto

Boyjon – eggplant puree mixed only with salt and garlic, the traditional starter for the Friday-night meal in Bukharan Jewish homes.

[71]

Slotah Bukhori – a salad made with tomato, cucumber, green onion, cilantro, salt, pepper, and lemon juice. Some also put in lettuce and chili pepper.

Samsa - pastries filled with spiced meat or vegetables, are baked in a unique, hollowed out oven, and greatly resemble the preparation and shape of Indian samosas.

tandoor

Noni Toki – a crispy flat bread that is baked on the back of a wok. This method creates a bowl-shaped bread.

Fried fish with garlic sauce (for ):[74] "Every Bukharian Sabbath ... is greeted with a dish of fried fish covered with a pounded sauce of garlic and cilantro".[79] In the Bukharan dialect, the dish is called mai birion or in full mai birion ovi sir, where mai birion is fried fish and ovi sir is garlic sauce (literally "garlic water").[71] Bread is sometimes fried and then dipped in the remaining garlic water and is called noni-sir.

Friday night dinner

, a popular sweet made from unleavened dough cut and rolled into hazelnut-sized balls, which are then deep-fried in oil. Optionally, hazelnuts or dried fruit (e.g. apricots and raisins) are added to the mixture. The fried balls are stacked in a mound in a special mold and drenched with hot honey.

Chakchak

Genetics[edit]

A 2013 genetic study of multiple Jewish groups, including Bukharan Jews, found that Bukharan Jews clustered closely with Jewish communities from the Middle East and the Caucasus such as Iranian Jews, Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Kurdish Jews and Iraqi Jews, and did not cluster with their neighbours.[80]

Israeli chef and restaurateur

Yisrael Aharoni

poet and radio broadcaster

Mordekhai Batchaev

Israeli journalist; General Director of Israel Broadcasting Authority

Yoni Ben-Menachem

Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for Shas

Amnon Cohen

professional football player

Guy Haimov

Bukharan-Israeli rabbi, writer, one of the founders of the Bukharan Quarter

Shimon Hakham

Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for Yisrael Beiteinu

Robert Ilatov

Israeli journalist and creator of the series Fauda

Avi Issacharoff

billionaire businessman, investor, philanthropist, president of the World Congress of Bukharian Jews

Lev Leviev

Israeli songwriter and music producer

Nitzan Kaikov

Israeli actress

Rinat Matatov

professional football player

Moshe Mishaelof

co-founder of the Bukharan Quarter in Jerusalem

Shlomo Moussaieff

Israeli millionaire businessman

Shlomo Moussaieff

former First Lady of Iceland

Dorrit Moussaieff

Israeli politician and member of the Knesset for Shas

Rafael Pinhasi

singer and Honored People's Artist of the USSR

Eson Kandov

Israeli politician who served as a member of Knesset for New Hope

Gideon Sa'ar

Israeli politician who served as a member of the Knesset for Kadima from 2009–2013

Yulia Shamalov-Berkovich

Israeli singer, "2007 Israeli Artist of the Year"

Idan Yaniv

Israeli classical composer, conductor and pianist

Benjamin Yusupov

Bukharan Jews in Israel

Bukhori dialect

Africa Israel Investments

Bais Yaakov Machon Academy

Dushanbe Synagogue

Emirate of Bukhara

History of the Jews in Russia and the Soviet Union

History of the Jews under Muslim Rule

Ohr Avner Foundation

Ricardo Garcia-Carcel: La Inquisición, Biblioteca El Sol. Biblioteca Básica de Historia. Grupo Anaya, Madrid, Spain 1990.  84-7969-011-9.

ISBN

Notes


Bibliography

Media related to Jews of Bukhara at Wikimedia Commons

Bukharian Isralites

The Great Aminoff Escape Saga

Archived 2004-03-28 at the Wayback Machine

Joseph Mammon. My Story

Official World Wide Bukharian Community Website

Bukharian Jewish Global Portal

BJews.com

Cooper, Alanna E. . Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2012.

Bukharan Jews and the Dynamics of Global Judaism

kikayon.com

"Alanna's Cooper's publications on Bukharan Jews"

Elena Neva, , Kunstpedia, March 19, 2009.

"Heavenly Frogs in the Art of Bukharian Jewelers"

Haaretz (Reuters), October 21, 2009.

"Bukharian Jews protect their culture in a N.Y. enclave"

on YouTube

LAZGI Firuza Jumaniyazova shimon polatov israel 2011

on YouTube

AVRAM TOLMAS, RUSTAM, YASHA BARAEV

on YouTube

Malika Kalantarova - Lazgi.avi

on YouTube

Lazgi Malika Kalontarova Dushanbe Малика Калонтарова Лазги Душанбе

by Bukharian Rabbis

Bukharian Torah Lectures