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Carnation Revolution

The Carnation Revolution (Portuguese: Revolução dos Cravos), also known as the 25 April (Portuguese: 25 de Abril), was a military coup by left-leaning military officers that overthrew the authoritarian Estado Novo government on 25 April 1974 in Lisbon,[2] producing major social, economic, territorial, demographic, and political changes in Portugal and its overseas colonies through the Processo Revolucionário Em Curso. It resulted in the Portuguese transition to democracy and the end of the Portuguese Colonial War.[3]

Carnation Revolution

25 April 1974 (1974-04-25)

Portugal

The revolution began as a coup organised by the Armed Forces Movement (Portuguese: Movimento das Forças Armadas, MFA), composed of military officers who opposed the regime, but it was soon coupled with an unanticipated popular civil resistance campaign. Negotiations with African independence movements began, and by the end of 1974, Portuguese troops were withdrawn from Portuguese Guinea, which became a UN member state as Guinea-Bissau. This was followed in 1975 by the independence of Cape Verde, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and Angola in Africa and the declaration of independence of East Timor in Southeast Asia. These events prompted a mass exodus of Portuguese citizens from Portugal's African territories (mostly from Angola and Mozambique), creating over a million Portuguese refugees – the retornados.[4][5]


The Carnation Revolution got its name from the fact that almost no shots were fired and from restaurant worker Celeste Caeiro offering carnations to the soldiers when the population took to the streets to celebrate the end of the dictatorship, with other demonstrators following suit and carnations placed in the muzzles of guns and on the soldiers' uniforms.[6] In Portugal, 25 April is a national holiday (Portuguese: Dia da Liberdade, Freedom Day) that commemorates the revolution.

Setúbal, ville rouge (France–Portugal 1975 documentary, b/w and colour, 16 mm, 93 minutes, by ) – In October 1975 Setúbal, neighbourhood committees, factory committees, soldiers' committees and peasant cooperatives organise a central committee.[49]

Daniel Edinger

Cravos de Abril (April Carnations), 1976 documentary, b/w and colour, 16 mm, 28 minutes, by Ricardo Costa – Depicts the revolutionary events from 24 April to 1 May 1974, illustrated by the French cartoonist .

Siné

Scenes from the Class Struggle in Portugal – U.S.–Portugal 1977, 16 mm, b/w and colour, 85 minutes, directed by

Robert Kramer

(The Hour of Freedom), 1999 documentary, by Joana Pontes, Emídio Rangel and Rodrigo de Sousa e Castro

A Hora da Liberdade

(April Captains), a 2000 dramatic film by Maria de Medeiros about the Carnation Revolution

Capitães de Abril

25 de Abril: uma Aventura para a Democracia (25th April: an Adventure for Democracy), 2000 documentary, by

Edgar Pêra

The -made A New Sun is Born, a two-part television series, for the UK's Open University. The first episode details the coup, and the second narrates the transition to democracy.[50]

BBC

(Les Grandes Ondes (à l'ouest)), a 2013 screwball comedy about Swiss radio reporters assigned to Portugal in 1974[51][52]

Longwave

Aster Revolution

Armed Revolutionary Action

5 October 1910 revolution

Barker, Collin. Revolutionary Rehearsals. Haymarket Books. 2002.  1-931859-02-7.

ISBN

Chilcote, Ronald. The Portuguese Revolution: State and Class in the Transition to Democracy. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. 2012  978-0742567931.

ISBN

(All sixteen chapters and the introduction by Maurice Brinton)

Phil Mailer, Portugal: The Impossible Revolution?

Ferreira, Hugo Gil, and Marshall, Michael William. Portugal's Revolution: 10 years on. Cambridge University Press, 303 pages, 1986.  0-521-32204-9

ISBN

Green, Gil. Portugal's Revolution. 99 pages. International Publishers. 1976.  0-7178-0461-5.

ISBN

Mailer, Phil. Portugal: The Impossible Revolution? PM Press. 2nd ed. 2012.  978-1-60486-336-9

ISBN

'Portugal: "The Revolution of the Carnations", 1974–75', in Adam Roberts and Timothy Garton Ash (eds.), Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 144–161. ISBN 978-0-19-955201-6.

Maxwell, Kenneth

Wise, Audrey. Eyewitness in Revolutionary Portugal. Bertrand Russell Peace Foundation for Spokesman Books, 72 pages, 1975

Wright, George. The Destruction of a Nation: United States Policy Towards Angola Since 1945,  0-7453-1029-X

ISBN

Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training (ADST)

Accounts of the Carnation Revolution by U.S. diplomats