Christoph Willibald Gluck

Christoph Willibald (Ritter von) Gluck (German: [ˈkʁɪstɔf ˈvɪlɪbalt ˈɡlʊk]; 2 July 1714 – 15 November 1787) was a composer of Italian and French opera in the early classical period. Born in the Upper Palatinate and raised in Bohemia,^[1] both part of the Holy Roman Empire, he gained prominence at the Habsburg court at Vienna. There he brought about the practical reform of opera's dramaturgical practices for which many intellectuals had been campaigning. With a series of radical new works in the 1760s, among them Orfeo ed Euridice and Alceste, he broke the stranglehold that Metastasian opera seria had enjoyed for much of the century. Gluck introduced more drama by using orchestral recitative and cutting the usually long da capo aria. His later operas have half the length of a typical baroque opera.

"Gluck" redirects here. For other uses, see Gluck (disambiguation).

Christoph Willibald Gluck

(1714-07-02)2 July 1714

Erasbach, Upper Palatinate

15 November 1787(1787-11-15) (aged 73)

Vienna

List of compositions

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The strong influence of French opera encouraged Gluck to move to Paris in November 1773. Fusing the traditions of Italian opera and the French (with rich chorus) into a unique synthesis, Gluck wrote eight operas for the Parisian stage. Iphigénie en Tauride (1779) was a great success and is often considered to be his finest work. Though he was extremely popular and widely credited with bringing about a revolution in French opera, Gluck's mastery of the Parisian operatic scene was never absolute, and after the poor reception of his Echo et Narcisse (1779), he left Paris in disgust and returned to Vienna to live out the remainder of his life.

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no

da capo arias

no opportunity for vocal or virtuosic displays of vocal agility or power

improvisation

no long

melismas

a more predominantly syllabic setting of the text to make the words more intelligible

far less repetition of text within an

aria

a blurring of the distinction between and aria, declamatory and lyrical passages, with altogether less recitative

recitative

rather than secco recitative

accompanied

simpler, more flowing melodic lines

an that is linked by theme or mood to the ensuing action

overture

Legacy[edit]

Although only half of his work survived after a fire in 1809,^[63] Gluck's musical legacy includes approximately 35 complete full-length operas plus around a dozen shorter operas and operatic introductions, as well as numerous ballets and instrumental works. His reforms influenced Mozart, particularly his opera Idomeneo (1781).^[54] He left behind a flourishing school of disciples in Paris, who would dominate the French stage throughout the Revolutionary and Napoleonic period. As well as Salieri, they included Sacchini, Cherubini, Méhul and Spontini. His greatest French admirer would be Hector Berlioz, whose epic Les Troyens may be seen as the culmination of the Gluckian tradition. Though Gluck wrote no operas in German, his example influenced the German school of opera, particularly Carl Maria von Weber and Richard Wagner, whose concept of music drama was not so far removed from Gluck's own.

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Arend, Max (1920). Gluck, eine Biographie. Berlin: Schuster & Loeffler. at HathiTrust.

Copy

(1991). Gluck and the French Theatre in Vienna. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-316415-4.

Brown, Bruce Alan

Brown, Bruce Alan; (2001). "Gluck, Christoph Willibald, Ritter von", Grove Music Online, edited by L. Macy (accessed 11 November 2007), grovemusic.com (subscription access).

Rushton, Julian

(1991). "Gluck, Christoph", vol. 5, pp. 308–10, in The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition. Chicago. ISBN 978-0-85229-553-3.

Croll, Gerhard

Croll, Gerhard; Croll, Renate (2010). Gluck. Sein Leben, seine Musik (in German). Kassel; New York: Bärenreiter. 978-3-7618-2166-4.

ISBN

Croll, Gerhard; Croll, Renate (2014). Gluck. Sein Leben, seine Musik (2nd edition, in German). Kassel; New York: . ISBN 978-3-7618-2378-1.

Bärenreiter

Cronin, Vincent (1989). Louis and Antoinette. Collins Harvill 978-0-00-272021-2.

ISBN

(1936). Gluck, English translation by Eric Blom, 1964. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-019530-1 (1972 paperback edition).

Einstein, Alfred

Garcin, Laurent (1772). Traité du mélo-drame. Paris: Chez Vallat-la-Chapelle. 764008429. Copy at Gallica.

OCLC

; Peattie, Antony, editors (1997). The New Kobbé's Opera Book. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. London: Ebury Press. ISBN 0-09-181410-3.

Harewood, The Earl of

Hayes, Jeremy; Brown, Bruce Alan; Loppert, Max; (1992). "Gluck, Christoph Willibald", vol. 2, pp. 453–64, in The New Grove Dictionary of Opera, edited by Stanley Sadie. London: Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-56159-228-9.

Dean, Winton

(1988). "Coming of Age in Bohemia: The Musical Apprenticeships of Benda and Gluck", The Journal of Musicology, vol. 6, no. 4 (Autumn, 1988), pp. 510–27. JSTOR 763744. Also available here.

Heartz, Daniel

Howard, Patricia (1995). Gluck: An Eighteenth-Century Portrait in Letters and Documents. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 978-0-19-816385-5.

ISBN

Howard, Patricia (2003). Christoph Willibald Gluck. A Guide to Research, Second Edition. New York and London: Routledge. 978-0-415-94072-6

ISBN

Kuhn, Laura (2000). Baker's Dictionary of Opera. New York: Schirmer. 978-0-02-865349-5.

ISBN

(1827). Ueber das Leben und die Werke des Anton Salieri, K.k. Hofkapellmeister. Vienna: Wallishausser. Copy at Bavarian State Library website.

Mosel, Ignaz Franz von

Moser, Hans Joachim (1940). Christoph Willibald Gluck : die Leistung, der Mann, das Vermächtnis. Stuttgart: Cotta. 10663283.

OCLC

Mueller von Asov, Hedwig and E. H., editors (1963). Collected correspondence and papers of Christoph Willibald Gluck, translated by Stewart Thomson (. New York: St. Martin's Press.

copy at Internet Archive)

(1948; revised 1985). Gluck. Paris: Société de'Éditions Françaises et Internationales. OCLC 5652892, 692250253. 1985 revision by Marie Fauquet: Paris: Fayard. ISBN 978-2-213-01575-0.

Prod'homme, Jacques-Gabriel

Robl, Werner (2013).

Christoph Willibald Gluck wurde doch in Weidenwang geboren (in German).

Robl, Werner (2015). . Berching.

Auf den Spuren der Familie Gluck in den Dörfern Weidenwang und Erasbach Fallstricke und Lösungen der regionalen Gluck-Forschung

(1854). Christoph Willibald Ritter von Gluck. Dessen Leben und tonkünstlerishes Wirken. Leipzig: Friedrich Fleischer. Copy at Google Books.

Schmid, Anton Franz

Christoph Willibald Gluck (in German) (Munich, 1959) OCLC 5996991

Abert, A. A.

Felix, W., Christoph Willibald Gluck (in German) (Leipzig, 1965) 16770241

OCLC

"From Garrick to Gluck: the Reform of Theatre and Opera in the Mid-Eighteenth Century", Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association, xciv (1967–68), pp. 111–27. ISSN 0080-4452.

Heartz, D.

Gibbons, W. Building the Operatic Museum: Eighteenth-Century Opera in Fin-de-siècle Paris. University of Rochester Press, 2013. 1071-9989

ISSN

Howard, P., Gluck and the Birth of Modern Opera. London, 1963 699685

OCLC

Howard, P., "Orfeo and Orphée", , cviii (1967), pp. 892–94. ISSN 0027-4666

The Musical Times

Howard, P., "Gluck"s Two Alcestes: a Comparison", The Musical Times, cxv (1974), pp. 642–93. 0027-4666

ISSN

Howard, P., "Armide: a Forgotten Masterpiece", Opera, xxx (1982), 572–76. 0030-3526

ISSN

Opera as Drama. New York, 1956, 2/1989. Revised 1989 edition ISBN 978-0-520-06274-0.

Kerman, Joseph

Noiray, M., Gluck's Methods of Composition in his French Operas "Iphigénie en Aulide", "Orphée", "Iphigénie en Tauride". Dissertation, University of Oxford, 1979

"Iphigénie en Tauride: the Operas of Gluck and Piccinni", Music & Letters, liii (1972), pp. 411–30. ISSN 0027-4224

Rushton, J.

Rushton, J., "The Musician Gluck", The Musical Times, cxxvi (1987), pp. 615–18. 0027-4666

ISSN

Rushton, J., "'Royal Agamemnon': The Two Versions of Gluck's Iphigénie en Aulide", Music and the French Revolution, ed. M. Boyd (Cambridge, 1992), pp. 15–36. 978-0-521-08187-0.

ISBN

Saloman, O. F., Aspects of Gluckian Operatic Thought and Practice in France (diss., Columbia University, 1970)

Sternfeld, F. W., "Expression and Revision in Gluck's Orfeo and Alceste, Essays Presented to Egon Wellesz" (Oxford, 1966), pp. 114–29

Youell, Amber Lynne (2012) , PhD dissertation, Columbia University

"Opera at the Crossroads of Tradition and Reform in Gluck's Vienna"

in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)

Free scores by Christoph Willibald Gluck

at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)

Free scores by Christoph Willibald Gluck

Digital catalogue raisoné

Gluck the Reformer. William Christie & John Eliot Gardiner feature in this documentary on the operas of Christoph Willibald Gluck

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Christoph Willibald Gluck