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Compact disc

The compact disc (CD) is a digital optical disc data storage format that was co-developed by Philips and Sony to store and play digital audio recordings. The first compact disc was manufactured in August 1982, and was first released in Japan in October 1982 as Compact Disc Digital Audio. The CD was more compact than the LaserDisc (LD) developed in the 1970s. The CD gained rapid popularity in the 1990s. It quickly outsold all other audio formats in the United States by 1991, ending the market dominance of the phonograph record and the cassette tape. By 2000, the CD accounted for 92.3% of the entire market share in regard to music sales.[3] The CD is considered the last dominant audio format of the album era, as the rise of MP3, iTunes, cellular ringtones, and other downloadable music formats in the mid-2000s ended the decade-long dominance of the CD.[4]

"CD" and "CDs" redirect here. For other uses, see CD (disambiguation) and CDS (disambiguation).

Media type

Various

Typically up to 700 MiB (up to 80 minutes audio), 800 MiB (also up to 90 minutes audio), 870 MiB (and up to 99 minutes audio)

780 nm wavelength, 800 nm wavelength, 870 nm wavelength (infrared and red edge) semiconductor laser (early players used helium–neon lasers),[1] 1,200 Kbit/s (1×)

780 nm wavelength, 800 nm wavelength, 870 nm wavelength (infrared and red edge) semiconductor laser in recordable formats CD-R and CD-RW, pressed mold (stamper) in read only formats

Diameter: 120 mm (4.7 in)
Thickness: 1.2 mm (0.047 in)

Audio and data storage

  • October 1982 (1982-10) (Japan)
  • March 1983 (1983-03) (Europe and North America)
[2]

The Digital Audio format was later adapted (as CD-ROM) for general-purpose data storage. Several other formats were further derived, including write-once audio and data storage (CD-R), rewritable media (CD-RW), Video CD (VCD), Super Video CD (SVCD), Photo CD, Picture CD, Compact Disc-Interactive (CD-i), Enhanced Music CD, and Super Audio CD (SACD) which may have a CD-DA layer.


Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) and are designed to hold up to 74 minutes of uncompressed stereo digital audio or about 650 MiB (681,574,400 bytes) of data. Capacity is routinely extended to 80 minutes and 700 MiB (734,003,200 bytes) by arranging data more closely on the same-sized disc. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimetres (2.4 to 3.1 in); they are sometimes used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio, or delivering device drivers.


At the time of the technology's introduction in 1982, a CD could store much more data than a personal computer hard disk drive, which would typically hold 10 MiB. By 2010, hard drives commonly offered as much storage space as a thousand CDs, while their prices had plummeted to commodity levels. In 2004, worldwide sales of audio CDs, CD-ROMs, and CD-Rs reached about 30 billion discs. By 2007, 200 billion CDs had been sold worldwide.[5]

Pohlmann, Kenneth C. (1992). . Middleton, Wisconsin: A-R Editions. ISBN 0-89579-300-8.

The Compact Disc Handbook

Peek, Hans et al. (2009) . Springer Science+Business Media B.V. ISBN 978-1-4020-9552-8.

Origins and Successors of the Compact Disc

Peek, Hans B., , IEEE Communications Magazine, Jan. 2010, pp. 10–17.

The emergence of the compact disc

; Ogawa, Hiroshi (1992) Compact Disc Technology, Tokyo, Ohmsha Ltd. ISBN 4-274-03347-3.

Nakajima, Heitaro

Barry, Robert (2020). Compact Disc (Object Lessons). New York: Bloomsbury.  978-1-5013-4851-8.

ISBN

How Compact Discs are Manufactured

Video

Exhaustive basics on CD-Recordable's

CD-Recordable FAQ

Philips history of the CD (cache)

 – published by Philips in 2005

Patent History (CD Player)

 – published by Philips in 2003

Patent History CD Disc

 – Sony website in Japanese

Sony History, Chapter 8, This is the replacement of Gramophone record ! (第8章 レコードに代わるものはこれだ)

Popularized History on Soundfountain

(1-hour podcast interview)

A Media History of the Compact Disc