Death and state funeral of Jawaharlal Nehru
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, died in the afternoon of 27 May 1964, at the age of 74, of a heart attack.
Death[edit]
Nehru had been in declining health for some time. He suffered a serious stroke in early 1964. From 23 to 26 May, he went to Dehradun for a short rest, returning to his official residence at Teen Murti Bhawan in New Delhi. He woke early the next morning and after complaining of a pain in his back, suffered a stroke at 6:25 and fell unconscious and without having regained consciousness he died at 13:44.[1][2]
During the evening of 27 May, Indian Army engineers prepared a cremation ground, levelling a plot of land situated near the Yamuna River about 300 yards north of the Raj Ghat and constructing a link road from the main road leading to the area.[3] From 18:00 that evening until the following morning, flag officers representing the Indian Armed Forces maintained a constant vigil by the body of Nehru while it lay in state, rotating every hour. The officers were:[4]
Dispersal of ashes[edit]
In his will, composed on 21 June 1954 and released to the public on 3 June 1964, Nehru had requested his body be cremated and his ashes scattered across India:[6]
"I am proud of that great inheritance that has been and is ours, and I am conscious that I too, like all of us, am a link in that unbroken chain which goes back to the dawn of history in the immemorial past of India. That chain I would not break, for I treasure it and seek inspiration from it. And as witness of this desire of mine and as my last homage to India's cultural inheritance, I am making this request that a handful of my ashes be thrown into the Ganga at Allahabad to be carried to the great ocean that washes India's shore. The major portion of my ashes should, however, be disposed of otherwise. I want these to be carried high up into the air In an aeroplane and scattered from that height over the fields where the peasants of India toil, so that they might mingle with the dust and soil of India and become an indistinguishable part of India."
Accordingly, on 7 June 1964, a portion of Nehru's ashes which had been returned to Teen Murti Bhawan left the residence in a funerary urn on a ceremonial gun carriage, preceded by the three armed service chiefs in a car. The ashes were then conveyed by a special train from New Delhi to Allahabad, where they were taken in a motorcade to Anand Bhawan, the Nehru family home, for one hour. They were then escorted by motorcade through Allahabad to the Sangam Ghat. At the ghat, the ashes were transferred to a white-painted amphibious DUKW which took the ashes to a spot in the Ganges, accompanied by two other DUKW craft carrying dignitaries, telecommunications personnel and an Indian Army brass band. The band played the hymn "Abide with Me" a moment before the urn and the ashes were immersed in the Ganges, a gun at Allahabad Fort firing a salute at the exact moment of the immersion.[12] Two other portions of ashes were taken by government officials to the Nicobar Islands and to Port Blair; those ashes were immersed in the ocean on 8 June.[13]
Between 8:00 and 12:00 on 12 June, the major portion of the ashes were simultaneously scattered by IAF aircraft at 20 previously designated locations around the country.[14][15]
National mournings[edit]
Gamal Abdel Nasser declared 7 days of mourning in Egypt and the flags were flown at half-mast during the period. Syria declared national mourning. Iraq declared 3 days of mourning. Yugoslavia declared 2 days of national mourning and cancelled all sports and entertainment events for 2 days. Ceylon (now Sri Lanka) declared 2 days of mourning. Nepal declared 3 days of national mourning. Cambodia declared a national mourning of 3 days.[16] Pakistan flew the flag at half-mast on May 28 in all public buildings to mourn the death of Nehru.[17] India itself declared 12 days of national mourning.[18] Kuwait declared national mourning for 3 days. Bhutan declared mourning of 49 days. Kingdom of Sikkim, Malaysia and Uganda declared 1 day of national mourning.[19]
Reactions[edit]
Africa[edit]
Ghana - President Kwame Nkrumah expressed his "sense of personal loss in the death of Nehru," and that he was sure these feelings were "shared by you all in Ghana as well as millions in other parts of Africa and Asia. Rarely have the qualities of wisdom, courage, humanity and great learning found such perfect fusion and expression in one individual as they did in Shri Nehru. Soft in speech, but forthright in expression, his voice was heard in the counsels of the world in defence of freedom and dignity of man." Nkrumah added Nehru's "sympathy and understanding of the problems of Africa were a great source of courage to all who have been engaged in [the] struggle for [the] liberation and unity of Africa."[20]
Kenya - President Jomo Kenyatta said: "Not only India but the whole world has been deprived of an outstanding leader in the path of peace and freedom for all men. The passing of this great patriot has cast a shadow of grief over the whole world. His monument will stand for ever in the eyes of the world, a free and independent India set by his efforts on the road to prosperity and pride of place among the great nations of the world."[21]
Sudan - President Ibrahim Abboud of the Republic of the Sudan said, "Your country, your people and, indeed the whole world will miss this truly great leader and statesman who was a man of extreme courage, an ardent advocate of peace and a great champion of human liberty."[22]
Tunisia - President Habib Bourgiba said "our great friend and old comrade in the struggle for liberation. His death is felt by all mankind as a great loss which reached indeed far beyond the boundaries of the Indian Republic."[23]
Americas[edit]
Canada - Governor General Georges Vanier said: "Nehru was a great man and a great statesman leading his country through some of the most crucial days of India's history . He was a leader known throughout the world for his courage and dedication to the welfare of his people. His loss will be sorely felt by all mankind."[24]
United States - US President Lyndon B. Johnson remarked: "History has already recorded his monumental contribution to the molding of a strong and independent India. And yet, it is not just as a leader of India that he has served humanity. Perhaps more than any other world leader he has given expression to man's yearning for peace. This is the issue of our age. In his fearless pursuit of a world free from war he has served all humanity."[25]
Asia[edit]
Cyprus - Vice-President Fazıl Küçük said, "Pandit Nehru's death is certainly an irreparable loss, not only for India but for the whole world. The ideals for which this great man fought and the achievements he has brought about during his lifetime will be an ever burning torch diffusing rays of inspiration and wisdom to all the peoples of the world.[26]
China - Premier of the People's Republic of China Zhou Enlai said, "Grieved to learn of the unfortunate death of His Excellency Jawaharlal Nehru, prime minister of India, I wish to express to your excellency and the Indian Government deep condolences on behalf of the Chinese Government and in my own name. There is a profound traditional friendship between the peoples of China and India. Although certain differences still exist now between our two countries, yet this unfortunate situation cannot but be temporary. I am convinced that the friendly relations between the Chinese and Indian peoples will certainly be restored and developed on the basis of the Five Principles of peaceful coexistence."[27]
Indonesia - President Sukarno said, "The Indonesian Government and people and myself offer sincere condolences on the death of my dear friend, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru. As the leader of the Indian people his name is well-known throughout Indonesia because of the part he played in the struggle for Indonesia's independence. People the world over mourn his death because they will miss his further contribution to the struggle for the establishment of a better world. We have the full confidence that the Indian people will continue to develop his leadership."[28]
Iran - Iranian monarch Mohammad Reza Pahlavi said, "With his demise not only has India suffered the irreparable loss of a dedicated, brilliant and courageous leader, but the world has been deprived of the wisdom of a man of faith and peace."[28] He further added, "The death of Mr. Nehru has deprived the world of an upright and liberal man."[29]
North Yemen - President Abdullah al-Sallal said, "The people and Government of Yemen dip their flag with all peace-loving nations of the world over the passing away of the greatest fighter for peace. We are deeply shocked and share the sorrow of all citizens of India and of all those who believed all over the world in the freedom of peoples and in world peace.[26]
Soviet Union: Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and the future Soviet Premier Leonid Brezhnev remarked: "The name of Jawaharal Nehru enjoyed the tremendous respect and love of the Soviet people, who knew him as a tested and wise leader of the Indian people's struggle for national independence and the rebirth of their country, and as an active fighter against colonialism. Jawaharal Nehru is known as an outstanding statesman of modern times who devoted his entire life to the struggle for strengthening friendship and cooperation among peoples and for the progress of humanity. He was a passionate fighter for peace in the world and an ardent champion of principles of peaceful coexistence of states. He was the inspirer of the nonalignment policy promoted by the Indian Government. This reasonable policy won India respect and, due to it, India is now occupying a worthy place in the international arena."[30]
Pakistan: Pakistan had announced 1 day mourning.