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Electric vehicle

An electric vehicle (EV) is a vehicle that uses one or more electric motors for propulsion. The vehicle can be powered by a collector system, with electricity from extravehicular sources, or can be powered autonomously by a battery or by converting fuel to electricity using a generator or fuel cells.[1] EVs include road and rail vehicles, electric boats and underwater vessels, electric aircraft and electric spacecraft.

This article is about all types of electric transportation vehicles. For electric automobiles, see Electric car. For other uses of the term "EV", see EV.

Early electric vehicles first came into existence in the late 19th century, when the Second Industrial Revolution brought forth electrification. Using electricity was among the preferred methods for motor vehicle propulsion as it provides a level of quietness, comfort and ease of operation that could not be achieved by the gasoline engine cars of the time, but range anxiety due to the limited energy storage offered by contemporary battery technologies hindered any mass adoption of private electric vehicles throughout the 20th century. Internal combustion engines (both gasoline and diesel engines) were the dominant propulsion mechanisms for cars and trucks for about 100 years, but electricity-powered locomotion remained commonplace in other vehicle types, such as overhead line-powered mass transit vehicles like electric trains, trams, monorails and trolley buses, as well as various small, low-speed, short-range battery-powered personal vehicles such as mobility scooters [2].


Hybrid electric vehicles, where electric motors are used as a supplementary propulsion to internal combustion engines, became more widespread in the late 1990s. Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, where electric motors can be used as the predominant propulsion rather than a supplement, did not see any mass production until the late 2000s, and battery electric cars did not become practical options for the consumer market until the 2010s.


Progress in batteries, electric motors and power electronics have made electric cars more feasible than during the 20th century. As a means of reducing tailpipe emissions of carbon dioxide and other pollutants, and to reduce use of fossil fuels, government incentives are available in many areas to promote the adoption of electric cars and trucks.

the auto industry's successful challenge to California's zero-emissions vehicle mandate,

federal court

a federal regulation requiring GM to produce and maintain spare parts for the few thousand EV1s and

the success of the oil and auto industries' media campaign to reduce public acceptance of EVs.

Direct connection to as is common among electric trains, trams, trolleybuses, and trolleytrucks (See also: overhead lines, third rail and conduit current collection)

electric grids

collects power from electric power strips buried under the road surface through electromagnetic induction

Online electric vehicle

an electric hypercar, set 23 world speed records in one day.[66][67]

Rimac Nevera

Fastest acceleration of an electric car, 0 to 100 km/h in 1.461 seconds by university students at the University of Stuttgart.

[68]

Electric Land Speed Record 353 mph (568 km/h).

[69]

Electric Car Distance Record 1,725 miles (2,776 km) in 24 hours by .[70]

Bjørn Nyland

Greatest distance by electric vehicle, single charge 999.5 miles (1,608.5 km).

[71]

Solar-powered EV is fastest EV to go over 1,000 km without stopping to recharge, the Sunswift 7.

[72]

Electric Motorcycle: 1,070 miles (1,720 km) under 24 hours. on a Harley LiveWire.[73]

Michel von Tell

Electric flight: 439.5 miles (707.3 km) without charge.

[74]

Properties[edit]

Components[edit]

The type of battery, the type of traction motor and the motor controller design vary according to the size, power and proposed application, which can be as small as a motorized shopping cart or wheelchair, through pedelecs, electric motorcycles and scooters, neighborhood electric vehicles, industrial fork-lift trucks and including many hybrid vehicles.

Energy sources[edit]

EVs are much more efficient than fossil fuel vehicles and have few direct emissions. At the same time, they do rely on electrical energy that is generally provided by a combination of non-fossil fuel plants and fossil fuel plants. Consequently, EVs can be made less polluting overall by modifying the source of electricity. In some areas, persons can ask utilities to provide their electricity from renewable energy.


Fossil fuel vehicle efficiency and pollution standards take years to filter through a nation's fleet of vehicles. New efficiency and pollution standards rely on the purchase of new vehicles, often as the current vehicles already on the road reach their end-of-life. Only a few nations set a retirement age for old vehicles, such as Japan or Singapore, forcing periodic upgrading of all vehicles already on the road.

Accident rate[edit]

Research published in the British Medical Journal indicates that electric cars kill pedestrians at twice the rate of petrol or diesel vehicles.[123]

– E-tricycle

Electric rickshaw

– NEV

Neighborhood Electric Vehicle

Polluter pays principle

Alternative fuel vehicle

Vehicle classification by propulsion system

(PEV)

Personal electric vehicle