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Fula language

Fula (/ˈfuːlə/ FOO-lə),[2] also known as Fulani (/fʊˈlɑːniː/ fuul-AH-nee)[2] or Fulah[3][4] (Fulfulde, Pulaar, Pular; Adlam: 𞤊𞤵𞤤𞤬𞤵𞤤𞤣𞤫, 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞥄𞤪, 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤪; Ajami: ࢻُلْࢻُلْدٜ‎, ݒُلَارْ‎, بُۛلَر‎), is a Senegambian language spoken by around 36.8 million people as a set of various dialects in a continuum that stretches across some 18 countries in West and Central Africa. Along with other related languages such as Serer and Wolof, it belongs to the Atlantic geographic group within Niger–Congo, and more specifically to the Senegambian branch. Unlike most Niger-Congo languages, Fula does not have tones.

Not to be confused with the Fala language.

Fulani

Western Africa

Sahel

Fula

L1: 37 million (2014–2021)[1]
L2: 2.7 million (2019)[1]

Latin
Adlam
Arabic (Ajami)

Burkina Faso
Mali

ff – Fulah

ful – Fulah

ful – inclusive code – Fulah
Individual codes:
fuc – Pulaar (Senegambia, Mauritania)
fuf – Pular (Guinea, Sierra Leone)
ffm – Maasina Fulfulde (Mali, Ghana)
fue – Borgu Fulfulde (Benin, Togo)
fuh – Western Niger Fulfulde (Burkina, Niger)
fuq – Central–Eastern Niger Fulfulde (Niger)
fuv – Nigerian Fulfulde (Nigeria)
fub – Adamawa Fulfulde (Cameroon, Chad, Nigeria)
fui – Bagirmi Fulfulde (CAR)

fula1264

It is spoken as a first language by the Fula people ("Fulani", Fula: Fulɓe) from the Senegambia region and Guinea to Cameroon, Nigeria, and Sudan and by related groups such as the Toucouleur people in the Senegal River Valley. It is also spoken as a second language by various peoples in the region, such as the Kirdi of northern Cameroon and northeastern Nigeria.

Person

Pullo

Fulɓe

Fulfulde

𞤤𞤮𞥅𞤼𞤵𞤣𞤫 lootude, to wash (something) [active voice]

𞤤𞤮𞥅𞤼𞤢𞥄𞤣𞤫 lootaade, to wash (oneself) [middle voice]

𞤤𞤮𞥅𞤼𞤫𞥅𞤣𞤫 looteede, to be washed [passive voice]

Status[edit]

Fulfulde is an official lingua franca in Guinea, Senegal, Gambia, northeastern Nigeria, Cameroon, Mali, Burkina Faso, Northern Ghana, Southern Niger and Northern Benin (in Borgou Region, where many speakers are bilingual), and a local language in many African countries, such as Mauritania, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, Togo, CAR, Chad, Sudan, Ethiopia and Somalia, numbering more than 95 million speakers in total.

Adlam Pular
𞤀𞤣𞤤𞤢𞤥 𞤆𞤵𞤤𞤢𞤪

Alphabet

Ibrahima Barry and Abdoulaye Barry

created 1989

Right-to-left script Edit this on Wikidata

Fula

Adlm (166), ​Adlam

Adlam

U+1E900–U+1E95F

(a presentation for one variety of Fula)

Pular grammar

David Whitehorn Arnott

(1956). "The Middle Voice in Fula". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 18 (1): 130–144. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00122244. JSTOR 610132. S2CID 163033896.

Arnott, D. W.

Arnott, D. W. (1970). . London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-815127-2.

The Nominal and Verbal Systems of Fula

Arnott, D. W. (2003). "Fula". In Frawley, W. (ed.). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Oxford University Press.

McIntosh, Mary (1984). Fulfulde Syntax and Verbal Morphology. London: St Edmundsbury Press.  9780710300744.

ISBN

Paradis, Carole (1992). Lexical Phonology and Morphology: The Nominal Classes in Fula. New York: Garland Publishing.  9780815306979.

ISBN

Reichardt, Charles Augustus Ludwig (1876). . Translated by Dr. Baikie. Church Missionary Society.

Grammar of the Fulde Language: With an Appendix of Some Original Traditions and Portions of Scripture Translated Into Fulde: Together with Eight Chapters of the Book of Genesis

Shehu, Ahmadu (2014). . HARSHE Journal of African Languages: 169–186.

"Stress Placement Rules in Fulfulde: A Review"

Wilson, W. A. A. (1945). "Atlantic". In (ed.). The Niger–Congo Languages. pp. 81–104.

Bendor-Samuel, John

Fulfulde Ajami script how to

Fula- Language Gulper

fulfulde app on googleplay

– includes maps of the dialects

Fulfulde Language Family Report (SIL)

webPulaaku

D. W. Arnott. The Nominal and Verbal Systems of Fula General Introduction

Listen to a sample of Adamawa Fulfulde from Global Recordings Network

Adlam alphabet

Below are some websites from different countries that use the Latin alphabet of Fula/Fulfulde: