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Gavrilo Princip

Gavrilo Princip (Serbian Cyrillic: Гаврило Принцип, pronounced [ɡǎʋrilo prǐntsip]; 25 July 1894 – 28 April 1918) was a Bosnian Serb student who assassinated Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir presumptive to the throne of Austria-Hungary, and his wife Sophie, Duchess von Hohenberg, in Sarajevo on 28 June 1914. The killing of the Archduke and his wife set off the July Crisis, a chain of events that within one month led to the outbreak of World War I.

Gavrilo Princip

(1894-07-25)25 July 1894

Obljaj, Austro-Hungarian Bosnia
(today Bosnia and Herzegovina)

28 April 1918(1918-04-28) (aged 23)

Terezín Fortress, Bohemia, Austria-Hungary
(today Czech Republic)

Vidovdan Heroes Chapel

Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

High treason
Murder (two counts)

20 years imprisonment

Princip was born in western Bosnia to a poor Serb family. At the age of 13, he was sent to Sarajevo, the capital of Austrian-occupied Bosnia, to study at the Merchants' School, before transferring to the gymnasium, where he became politically aware. In 1911, he joined Young Bosnia, a secret local society aiming to free Bosnia from Austrian rule and achieve the unification of the South Slavs. After attending anti-Austrian demonstrations in Sarajevo, he was expelled from school and walked to Belgrade, Serbia to continue his education. During the First Balkan War, Princip traveled to Southern Serbia to volunteer with the Serbian army's irregular forces fighting against the Ottoman Empire but was rejected for being too small and weak.


In 1913, following the unexpected success of the Serbians in the war against the Ottomans, the Austrian military governor of Bosnia, Oskar Potiorek, declared a state of emergency, dissolved the parliament, imposed martial rule, and banned all Serbian public, cultural, and educational societies. Inspired by a spate of assassination attempts against Imperial officials by Slavic nationalists and anarchists, Princip convinced two other young Bosnians to join a plot to assassinate the heir to the Habsburg Empire during his announced visit to Sarajevo. The Black Hand, a Serbian secret society with ties to Serbian military intelligence, provided the conspirators with weapons and training before facilitating their re-entry into Bosnia.


On Sunday 28 June 1914 during the royal couple's visit to Sarajevo, the then-teenager Princip mortally wounded both Franz Ferdinand and his wife Sophie by firing a pistol into their convertible car that had unexpectedly stopped 5 feet (1.5 m) from him. Princip was arrested immediately and tried alongside twenty-four others, all Bosnians and thus Austro-Hungarian subjects. At his trial, Princip stated: "I am a Yugoslav nationalist, aiming for the unification of all Yugoslavs, and I do not care what form of state, but it must be free from Austria." Princip was spared the death penalty because of his age (19) and sentenced to twenty years in prison. He was imprisoned at the Terezín fortress. The Serbian government itself did not inspire the assassination but the Austrian Foreign Office and Army used the murders as a reason for a preventive war which led directly to World War I.


Princip died on 28 April 1918 from tuberculosis exacerbated by poor prison conditions which had already caused one of his arms to be amputated.

Portrayals[edit]

Film[edit]

In the German drama film 1914 (1931), Carl Balhaus played Gavrilo Princip. Irfan Mensur played Princip in The Day That Shook the World (1975), based on the assassination.[76] In the Austrian biopic Death of a Schoolboy (1990, original German title Gavre Princip – Himmel unter Steinen) by Peter Patzak about Princip's life, he was portrayed by British actor and director Reuben Pillsbury. He was portrayed by Eugen Knecht in Sarajevo (2014), a German-Austrian television film based on the assassination,[77] and by Joel Basman in The King's Man (2021), the third film in the Kingsman fiction film series.[78]

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The Road to Sarajevo

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Sarajevo: A Biography

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Bosnia: In the Footsteps of Gavrilo Princip

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Europe's Last Summer

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ISBN

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The Encyclopedia of World War I : A Political, Social, and Military History

Sageman, M. (2017). . University of Pennsylvania Press, Incorporated. ISBN 978-0-8122-4877-7.

Turning to Political Violence: The Emergence of Terrorism

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The Soldier, the Builder & the Diplomat

Roberts, Elizabeth (2007). Realm of the Black Mountain. Hurst.  978-1-85065-868-9.

ISBN

Wilson, S. (2016). . Academic & Nonfiction Books anthology. McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4766-2599-7.

Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons, 3d ed

, ed. (2005). Histoire du peuple serbe [History of the Serbian People] (in French). Lausanne: L'Age d'Homme. ISBN 978-2-8251-1958-7.

Bataković, Dušan T.

Belfield, Richard (2011). . Constable & Robinson, Ltd. ISBN 978-1-84901-805-0.

A Brief History of Hitmen and Assassinations

Blakley, Patrick (2009). (PDF). Oswego Historical Review. 2: 13–34. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 December 2016.

"Narodna Odbrana (The Black Hand): Terrorist Faction that Divided the World"

Brescia, Anthony M (1965). .

The Role Gavrilo Princip in the Greater Serbian Movement

Clark, Christopher (2013). . HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-219922-5.

The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914

Ljubibratić, Dragoslav (1959). . Nolit.

Gavrilo Princip

Gilbert, Martin (1995). . HarperCollins. ISBN 0-00-637666-5.

The First World War

Savary, Michèle (2004). . L'AGE D'HOMME. ISBN 978-2-8251-1891-7.

Sarajevo 1914: vie et mort de Gavrilo Princip

Stokesbury, James (1981). . New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-176361-8.

A Short History of World War I

Villiers, Peter (2010). . Unknown Publisher. ISBN 978-0-9566211-0-8.

Gavrila Princip: The Assassin Who Started the First World War

Wolfson, Robert; Laver, John (30 December 2001). Years of Change, European History 1890–1990 (3 ed.). Hodder Murray. p. 117.  0-340-77526-2.

ISBN

Wien: Lechner und Son. 1926.

Gavrilo Princips Bekenntnisse. Zwei Manuscripte Princips, Aufzeichungen Seines Gefängnispsychiaters Dr. Pappenheim Aus Gesprächen Von Feber ... Über Das Attentat, Princips Leben und Seine Politischen und Sozialen Anschauungen. Mit Einführung und Kommentar Von R.P.

. Internet Archive. 1917.

"Full text of "The Times documentary history of the war""

Gavrilo Princip's statement during trial

Prison interview with Gavrilo Princip