Hauntology (music)
Hauntology is a music genre[1][2] or a loosely defined stylistic feature[3] that evokes cultural memory and aesthetics of the past.[4] It developed in the 2000s primarily among British electronic musicians,[5][6] and typically draws on British cultural sources from the 1940s to the 1970s, including library music, film and TV soundtracks, psychedelia, and public information films, often through the use of sampling.[1]
For the original philosophical concept, see Hauntology.The term was derived from philosopher Jacques Derrida's concept of the same name. In the mid-2000s, it was adapted by theorists Simon Reynolds and Mark Fisher.[1] Hauntology is associated with the UK record label Ghost Box, in addition to artists such as the Caretaker, Burial, and Philip Jeck.[1] Music genres hypnagogic pop and chillwave descended from hauntology.
Characteristics[edit]
In music, hauntology is predominantly associated with a British electronic music trend but it can apply to any art concerned with the aesthetics of the past.[4] The trend is often tied to notions of retrofuturism, whereby artists evoke the past by utilising the "spectral sounds of old music technology".[7] The trend involves the sampling of older sound sources to evoke deep cultural memory.[8] Critic Simon Reynolds stated in a 2006 article that "this strand of 'ghostified' music doesn't quite constitute a genre, a scene, or even a network. [...] more of a flavour or atmosphere than a style with boundaries",[3] although in a 2017 article he summarized it as a "largely British genre of eerie electronics fixated on ideas of decaying memory and lost futures".[2] A 2009 blog post by academic Adam Harper stated that "[h]auntology is not a genre of art or music, but an aesthetic effect, a way of reading and appreciating art".[9]
Hauntological music draws on varied postwar cultural sources[5] from the 1940s through the 1970s which lie outside the usual canon of popular music, including library music, film and television soundtracks, educational music, and the sonic experimentation of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, as well as electronic and folk music sources.[1] Other British influences include obscure musique concrète composers and Joe Meek's album I Hear a New World,[3] as well as psychedelia and public information films.[4] Also important is the appropriation of visual iconography from this earlier period, including graphic design elements of school textbooks, public information posters, and television idents.[1]
Artists typically use vintage recording devices such as cassettes and synthesisers from the 1960s and 1970s.[4] Production often foregrounds the grain of the recording, including vinyl noise and tape hiss derived from the degraded musical or spoken word samples commonly used.[10] Sampling is used to "evoke 'dead presences'" which are transformed into "eerie sonic markers".[10] Artists often mix antique synthesiser tones, acoustic instruments, and digital techniques, as well as found sounds, abstract noise, and industrial drones.[3]
Etymology[edit]
The term hauntology was introduced by French philosopher Jacques Derrida in his 1993 book Specters of Marx as a term for the post-Marxist understanding of what is perceived as the tendency of Karl Marx's ideas to "haunt Western society from beyond the grave".[1]
1990s and 2000s[edit]
In music journalism, Derrida's ideas were invoked by critic Ian Penman for his 1995 essay on the production style of Tricky's album Maxinquaye, though Penman did not use the phrase "hauntology."[11] In the mid-2000s, the word began to be more widely appropriated by writers and theorists such as Simon Reynolds and Mark Fisher, who referred to the work of Philip Jeck, William Basinski, Burial, The Savage Young Taterbug (musician), The Caretaker, and artists associated with the UK label Ghost Box as hauntology.[1] Fisher attributed this renewed discussion of hauntology to the emergence of lo-fi musician Ariel Pink in the mid-2000s.[12] In an 2006 article for The Wire, Reynolds identified Ghost Box's the Focus Group, Belbury Poly, the Advisory Circle as prominent in the trend, along with Broadcast, the Caretaker, and Mordant Music.[3]
Several elements of hauntology as a musical style were presaged by Scottish electronic duo Boards of Canada.[13] Other progenitors include Portishead[8] and I Monster.[14] Reynolds also invoked sample-based group Position Normal as presaging the genre.[15]
Music genres hypnagogic pop and chillwave – sometimes deployed interchangeably with each other[16] – descended from hauntology.[17] The former is described as an "American cousin" to hauntology.[18]