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Homer

Homer (/ˈhmər/; Ancient Greek: Ὅμηρος [hómɛːros], Hómēros; born c. 8th century BC) was a Greek poet who is credited as the author of the Iliad and the Odyssey, two epic poems that are foundational works of ancient Greek literature. Homer is considered one of the most revered and influential authors in history.[2]

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Homer (disambiguation), Homerus (disambiguation), and Homeric (disambiguation).

Homer

Ὅμηρος

c. 8th century BC

Homer's Iliad centers on a quarrel between King Agamemnon and the warrior Achilles during the last year of the Trojan War. The Odyssey chronicles the ten-year journey of Odysseus, king of Ithaca, back to his home after the fall of Troy. The poems are in Homeric Greek, also known as Epic Greek, a literary language which shows a mixture of features of the Ionic and Aeolic dialects from different centuries; the predominant influence is Eastern Ionic.[3][4] Most researchers believe that the poems were originally transmitted orally.[5] Despite being predominantly known for its tragic and serious themes, the Homeric poems also contain instances of comedy and laughter.[6]


Homer's epic poems shaped aspects of ancient Greek culture and education, fostering ideals of heroism, glory, and honor.[7] To Plato, Homer was simply the one who "has taught Greece" (τὴν Ἑλλάδα πεπαίδευκεν, tēn Helláda pepaídeuken).[8][9] In Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, Virgil refers to Homer as "Poet sovereign", king of all poets;[10] in the preface to his translation of the Iliad, Alexander Pope acknowledges that Homer has always been considered the "greatest of poets".[11] From antiquity to the present day, Homeric epics have inspired many famous works of literature, music, art, and film.[12]


The question of by whom, when, where and under what circumstances the Iliad and Odyssey were composed continues to be debated. Scholars remain divided as to whether the two works are the product of a single author.[13] It is thought that the poems were composed at some point around the late eighth or early seventh century BC.[13] Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity; the most widespread account was that he was a blind bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey.[14] Modern scholars consider these accounts legendary.[15]

, ed. (2012). The Homer Encyclopedia. Wiley. doi:10.1002/9781444350302. ISBN 9781405177689.

Finkelberg, Margalit

, ed. (2004). The Cambridge Companion to Homer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01246-1 – via Internet Archive.

Fowler, Robert

Graziosi, Barbara (2002). . Cambridge Classical Studies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521809665.

Inventing Homer: The Early Perception of Epic

; Powell, Barry B., eds. (1997). A New Companion to Homer. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-09989-0.

Morris, Ian

Works by Homer at Perseus Digital Library

at Standard Ebooks

Works by Homer in eBook form

at Project Gutenberg

Works by Homer

at Internet Archive

Works by or about Homer

at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

Works by Homer

Homer; Murray, Augustus Taber (1925). (in Ancient Greek and English). Vol. I, Books I–XII. London; New York: William Heinemann; G. P. Putnam's Sons – via Internet Archive.

The Iliad with an English Translation

Archived 4 October 2014 at the Wayback Machine

The Chicago Homer

Heath, Malcolm (4 May 2001). . Department of Classics, University of Leeds. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008. Retrieved 7 November 2014.

"CLAS3152 Further Greek Literature II: Aristotle's Poetics: Notes on Homer's Iliad and Odyssey"

Bassino, Paola (2014). . Living Poets: a new approach to ancient history. Durham University. Retrieved 18 November 2014.

"Homer: A Guide to Selected Sources"