Hungarians
Hungarians, also known as Magyars (/ˈmæɡjɑːrz/ MAG-yarz;[26] Hungarian: magyarok [ˈmɒɟɒrok]), are a Central European nation and an ethnic group native to Hungary (Hungarian: Magyarország) and historical Hungarian lands (i.e. belonging to the former Kingdom of Hungary) who share a common culture, history, ancestry, and language. The Hungarian language belongs to the Uralic language family, alongside, most notably Finnish and Estonian.
For the film, see Hungarians (film).
Magyarok
1,002,151[2]
1,002,151[2]
456,154[3]
296,000[4]
184.442[5]
200,000–220,000[8]
156,566[9]
73,411[10]
55,500[11]
27,000[10]
26,172[12]
20,000[13]
15,000[13]
14,048[14]
13,000[10]
10,500[15]
10,000[10]
9,000[10]
8,316[16]
6,000[10]
4,000[17]
3,000[10]
2,000[10]
2,000[10]
1,728[18]
1,230[19]
1,437,694[10]
1,437,694[10]
348,085[20]
3,500[10]
80,000[21]
80,000[21]
50,000[22]
40,000–50,000[23]
4,000[13]
3,000[13]
200,000[10]
200,000[10]
69,167[24]
7,000[13]
6,800[10]
4,000[13]
1,000[10]
Magyar
Magyarok
There are an estimated 14.5 million ethnic Hungarians and their descendants worldwide, of whom 9.6 million live in today's Hungary.[1] About 2 million Hungarians live in areas that were part of the Kingdom of Hungary before the Treaty of Trianon in 1920 and are now parts of Hungary's seven neighbouring countries, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, and Austria. In addition, significant groups of people with Hungarian ancestry live in various other parts of the world, most of them in the United States, Canada, Germany, France, the United Kingdom, Chile, Brazil, Australia, and Argentina, and therefore constitute the Hungarian diaspora (Hungarian: magyar diaszpóra).
Furthermore, Hungarians can be divided into several subgroups according to local linguistic and cultural characteristics; subgroups with distinct identities include the Székelys (in eastern Transylvania as well as a few in Suceava County, Bukovina), the Csángós (in Western Moldavia), the Palóc, and the Matyó.
History
Origin
The origin of Hungarians, the place and time of their ethnogenesis, has been a matter of debate. The Hungarian language is classified in the Ugric family, and Hungarians are commonly considered an Ugric people that originated from the southern Ural Mountains.[40] The relatedness of Hungarians with other Ugric peoples is confirmed by linguistic and genetic data, but modern Hungarians have also substantial admixture from local European populations.[41] The Ugric languages are a member of the Uralic family, which originated either in the Oka-Volga region, the Southern Uralic, or Western Siberia. Recent linguistic data support an origin somewhere in Western Siberia. Ugric diverged from its relatives in the first half of the 1st millennium BC, in western Siberia, east of the southern Urals. The ancient Ugrians are associated with the Mezhovskaya culture, and were influenced by the Iranian Sarmatians and Saka, as well as later Xiongnu. The Ugrians also display genetic affinities to the Pazyryk culture. They arrived into Central Europe by the historical Magyar or Hungarian "conquerors", in the Hungarian landtaking.[40][42]
The historical Magyar conquerors were found to show significant affinity to modern Bashkirs, and stood also in contact with other Turkic peoples (presumably Oghuric speakers), Iranian peoples (especially Jaszic speakers), and Slavs. The historical Magyars created an alliance of steppe tribes, consisting of an Ugric/Magyar ruling class, and formerly Iranian but also Turkic (Oghuric) and Slavic speaking tribes, which conquered the Pannonian Steppe and surrounding regions, giving rise to modern Hungarians and Hungarian culture.[43]
"Hungarian pre-history", i.e. the history of the "ancient Hungarians" before their arrival in the Carpathian basin at the end of the 9th century, is thus a "tenuous construct", based on linguistics, analogies in folklore, archaeology and subsequent written evidence. In the 21st century, historians have argued that "Hungarians" did not exist as a discrete ethnic group or people for centuries before their settlement in the Carpathian basin. Instead, the formation of the people with its distinct identity was a process. According to this view, Hungarians as a people emerged by the 9th century, subsequently incorporating other, ethnically and linguistically divergent, peoples.[44]
Kniezsa's (1938) view on the ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century, based on toponyms. Kniezsa's view has been criticized by many scholars, because of its non-compliance with later archaeological and onomastics research, but his map is still regularly cited in modern reliable sources. One of the most prominent critics of this map was Emil Petrovici.[134]
![Kniezsa's (1938) view on the ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th century, based on toponyms. Kniezsa's view has been criticized by many scholars, because of its non-compliance with later archaeological and onomastics research, but his map is still regularly cited in modern reliable sources. One of the most prominent critics of this map was Emil Petrovici.[134]](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Ethnic_map_of_11th_century.jpg/150px-Ethnic_map_of_11th_century.jpg)
Ethnic map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1495 (Magyars/Hungarians are depicted in orange)
The "Red Map",[135] based on the 1910 census. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km2 (52 persons/sq mi)[136] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. Red colour to mark Hungarians and light purple colour to mark Wallachians/Romanians.
![The "Red Map",[135] based on the 1910 census. Regions with population density below 20 persons/km2 (52 persons/sq mi)[136] are left blank and the corresponding population is represented in the nearest region with population density above that limit. Red colour to mark Hungarians and light purple colour to mark Wallachians/Romanians.](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f4/Redmap.jpg/150px-Redmap.jpg)
Map of the Kingdom of Hungary in 1910, based on the Hungarian census of the same year. Hungarians are marked in dark green.
Ethnic map depicting the contemporary ethnic distribution of Hungarians across the Pannonian Basin (also known and referred to as the Carpathian Basin). Legend:Hungary proper where Hungarians are the ethnic majority peopleRegions outside Hungary where there are notable ethnic Hungarian minorities
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Genetic studies