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Treatments[edit]

When infection attacks the body, anti-infective drugs can suppress the infection. Several broad types of anti-infective drugs exist, depending on the type of organism targeted; they include antibacterial (antibiotic; including antitubercular), antiviral, antifungal and antiparasitic (including antiprotozoal and antihelminthic) agents. Depending on the severity and the type of infection, the antibiotic may be given by mouth or by injection, or may be applied topically. Severe infections of the brain are usually treated with intravenous antibiotics. Sometimes, multiple antibiotics are used in case there is resistance to one antibiotic. Antibiotics only work for bacteria and do not affect viruses. Antibiotics work by slowing down the multiplication of bacteria or killing the bacteria. The most common classes of antibiotics used in medicine include penicillin, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides, quinolones and tetracyclines.[77][78]


Not all infections require treatment, and for many self-limiting infections the treatment may cause more side-effects than benefits. Antimicrobial stewardship is the concept that healthcare providers should treat an infection with an antimicrobial that specifically works well for the target pathogen for the shortest amount of time and to only treat when there is a known or highly suspected pathogen that will respond to the medication.[79]

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Infection

Infectious diseases

Bacterial, viral, parasitic, fungal, prion

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from 541 to 542, killed between 50% and 60% of Europe's population.[93]

Plague of Justinian

The of 1347 to 1352 killed 25 million in Europe over five years. The plague reduced the old world population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in the 14th century.

Black Death

The introduction of , measles, and typhus to the areas of Central and South America by European explorers during the 15th and 16th centuries caused pandemics among the native inhabitants. Between 1518 and 1568 disease pandemics are said to have caused the population of Mexico to fall from 20 million to 3 million.[94]

smallpox

The first European epidemic occurred between 1556 and 1560, with an estimated mortality rate of 20%.[94]

influenza

killed an estimated 60 million Europeans during the 18th century[95] (approximately 400,000 per year).[96] Up to 30% of those infected, including 80% of the children under 5 years of age, died from the disease, and one-third of the survivors went blind.[97]

Smallpox

In the 19th century, killed an estimated one-quarter of the adult population of Europe;[98] by 1918 one in six deaths in France were still caused by TB.

tuberculosis

The Influenza Pandemic of 1918 (or the ) killed 25–50 million people (about 2% of world population of 1.7 billion).[99] Today Influenza kills about 250,000 to 500,000 worldwide each year.

Spanish flu

The disease has not been definitively diagnosed after an initial workup

The patient is (for example, in AIDS or after chemotherapy);

immunocompromised

The is of an uncommon nature (e.g. tropical diseases);

infectious agent

The disease has not responded to first line ;

antibiotics

The disease might be dangerous to other patients, and the patient might have to be isolated

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