Jammu and Kashmir (state)
Jammu and Kashmir[a] was a region formerly administered by India as a state from 1952 to 2019, constituting the southern and southeastern portion of the larger Kashmir region, which has been the subject of a dispute between India, Pakistan and China since the mid-20th century.[5][6] The underlying region of this state were parts of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, whose western districts, now known as Azad Kashmir, and northern territories, now known as Gilgit-Baltistan, are administered by Pakistan. The Aksai Chin region in the east, bordering Tibet, has been under Chinese control since 1962.
This article is about the former state. For the current union territory, see Jammu and Kashmir (union territory). For the former princely state, see Jammu and Kashmir (princely state).State of Jammu and Kashmir
Karan Singh (first)
Satya Pal Malik (last)
Sheikh Abdullah (first)
Mehbooba Mufti (last)
Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Council (36 seats)
Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly (89 seats)
17 November 1952
14 May 1954
31 October 2019
After the Government of India repealed the special status accorded to Jammu and Kashmir under Article 370 of the Indian constitution in 2019, the Parliament of India passed the Jammu and Kashmir Reorganisation Act, which contained provisions that dissolved the state and reorganised it into two union territories – Jammu and Kashmir in the west and Ladakh in the east, with effect from 31 October 2019.[7] At the time of its dissolution, Jammu and Kashmir was the only state in India with a Muslim-majority population.
Economy
The economy of Jammu and Kashmir was predominantly dependent on agriculture and related activities.[110] Horticulture played a vital role in the economic development of the state; produce included apples, apricots, cherries, pears, plums, almonds and walnuts.[111] The Doda district, rich in high-grade sapphire, had active mines until the 1989 insurgency; in 1998, the government discovered that smugglers had occupied these mines and stolen much of the resource.[112] Industrial development was constrained by the extreme mountainous landscape and power shortage.[113] Along with horticulture and agriculture, tourism is an important industry for Jammu and Kashmir, accounting for about 7% to its economy.[114]
Jammu and Kashmir was one of the largest recipients of grants from India; in 2004, this amounted to US$812 million.[115] Tourism, which was integral to the economy, witnessed a decline owing to the insurgency, but foreign tourism later rebounded, and in 2009, the state was one among the top tourist destinations in India.[116] The economy was also benefited by Hindu pilgrims who visited the shrines of Vaishno Devi and Amarnath Temple annually.[117] The British government had reiterated its advise against all travel to Jammu and Kashmir in 2013, with certain exceptions.[118]