Koiné language

In linguistics, a koine or koiné language or dialect (pronounced /ˈkɔɪneɪ/; from Ancient Greek κοινή 'common') is a standard or common dialect that has arisen as a result of the contact, mixing, and often simplification of two or more mutually intelligible varieties of the same language.^[1]^[2]

Not to be confused with Koine Greek.

As speakers already understood one another before the advent of the koiné, the process of koineization is not as drastic as pidginization and creolization. Unlike pidginization and creolization, there is often no prestige dialect target involved in koineization.

The normal influence between neighbouring dialects is not regarded as koineization. A koiné variety emerges as a new spoken variety in addition to the originating dialects. It does not change any existing dialect, which distinguishes koineization from the normal evolution of dialects.^[3]

While similar to zonal auxiliary languages, koiné languages arise naturally, rather than being constructed.

A regional koiné is formed when a strong regional dialect comes into contact with dialects of speakers who move into the region. Often, the use of the koiné spreads beyond the region in which it was formed. The original koiné, of the regional variety, was based on the Greek dialect that underwent a koineization process when it came into contact with other Greek dialects spoken in the Athenian seaport Piraeus. It ultimately became the lingua franca of the Hellenistic world.

Attic

An immigrant koiné is a new dialect that forms in a community settled by immigrants speaking two or more mutually intelligible dialects of the same language. In the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, speakers of a variety of dialects were conscripted to serve as indentured labourers throughout the colonial world. Speakers of the dialects came together in varying proportions under different conditions and developed distinctive Hindi koinés. Those Hindi/Bhojpuri dialects are found in Fiji, Guyana, Mauritius, South Africa, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago.

Hindi

a dialect that initially emerged as a mixture of 18th-century Cockney English and Irish English, and was subsequently influenced to some degree by Received Pronunciation in the 19th century.^[14]

Australian English

based on Yukjin dialect and multiple other varieties of Northeastern Korean.^[15]

Central Asian Korean (Koryo-mar)

a variety of Suret language based on the various mountain dialects in Turkey and northern Iraq (i.e. Tyari, Jilu, Nochiya etc.) under the influence of the standard Urmežnaya variety (in Iran). In layman's terms, the dialect is a compromise between the thicker "low-class" accents of the mountains (Tyari) and the prestigious "posh" dialect of Urmia. Iraqi Koine was developed in the urban areas of Iraq (Baghdad, Basra, Habbaniya, and Kirkuk), where the Assyrians immigrated to.^[16]

Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Iraqi Koiné

Dialect continuum

Dialect levelling

Language shift

Lingua franca

Mixed language

Mutual intelligibility

Naturalistic planned language

Post-creole speech continuum

Standard language

Britain, D; Trudgill, Peter (1999), "Migration, new-dialect formation and sociolinguistic refunctionalisation: Reallocation as an outcome of dialect contact.", Transactions of the Philological Society, 97 (2): 245–256, :10.1111/1467-968x.00050

doi

Kerswill, P., (PDF), in Trudgill, Peter; Schilling-Estes, N (eds.), The handbook of language variation and change, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, pp. 669–702

"Koineization and Accommodation"

(1998), "Identifying the creole prototype: Vindicating a typological class", Language, 74 (4): 788–818, doi:10.2307/417003, JSTOR 417003

McWhorter, John H.

Mesthrie, R. (2001), "Koinés", in Mesthrie, R. (ed.), Concise encyclopedia of sociolinguistics, Amsterdam: Elsevier, pp. 485–489

Siegel, Jeff (1985), "Koines and koineization.", Language in Society, 14 (3): 357–378, :10.1017/s0047404500011313, S2CID 12830293

doi

Trudgill, Peter (1986), Dialects in contact, Oxford: Blackwell Publishing

Weinreich, Uriel (1953). . ISBN 9783110802177.