Katana VentraIP

Latent tuberculosis

Latent tuberculosis (LTB), also called latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is when a person is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but does not have active tuberculosis (TB). Active tuberculosis can be contagious while latent tuberculosis is not, and it is therefore not possible to get TB from someone with latent tuberculosis. The main risk is that approximately 10% of these people (5% in the first two years after infection and 0.1% per year thereafter) will go on to develop active tuberculosis. This is particularly true, and there is added risk, in particular situations such as medication that suppresses the immune system or advancing age.

"LTBI" redirects here. For the airport, see Eskişehir Airport.

Latent tuberculosis

Latent tuberculosis infection

The identification and treatment of people with latent TB is an important part of controlling this disease. Various treatment regimens are in use for latent tuberculosis. They generally need to be taken for several months.

if there is onset of a disease affecting the (such as AIDS) or a disease whose treatment affects the immune system (such as chemotherapy in cancer or systemic steroids in asthma or Enbrel, Humira or Orencia in rheumatoid arthritis);

immune system

malnutrition (which may be the result of illness or injury affecting the , or of a prolonged period of not eating, or disturbance in food availability such as during famine or residence in a refugee or concentration camp);

digestive system

degradation of the immune system due to aging;

[11]

certain systemic diseases such as diabetes,;

[12]

other conditions such as debilitating disease (especially haematological and some solid cancers), use of steroid medication long-term, end-stage renal disease, , gastrectomy, and jejuno-ileal bypass;[13]

silicosis

being elderly; and

[14]

young age.

[15]

Grade 0: no reaction, or of 3 or less puncture points;

induration

Grade 1: of four or more puncture points;

induration

Grade 2: of the six puncture points coalesce to form a circle;

induration

Grade 3: of 5 mm; or more

induration

Grade 4: of 10 mm or more, or ulceration

induration

Persons with recent TB infection [those infected within the previous two years]

Congenital or acquired immunosuppressed patients (in particular, HIV-positive patients)

Illicit intravenous drug users; alcohol and other chronic substance users

Children (particularly those younger than 4 years old)

Persons with comorbid conditions (ie, chronic , diabetes, malignancy, hematologic cancers, body weight of at least 10% less than ideal, silicosis, gastrectomy, jejunoileal bypass, asthma, or other disorders requiring long-term use of corticosteroids or other immunosuppressants)."[27]

kidney failure

Epidemiology[edit]

Tuberculosis exists in all countries in the world, though some countries have a larger number of people infected than others. Per 100,000 people, Eswatini has the greatest number of tuberculosis cases in the world (627). Second is Cambodia (560), followed by Zambia (445), fourth is Djibouti (382), fifth is Indonesia (321), Mali (295), Zimbabwe (291), Kenya (291), Papua New Guinea (283) and Gambia (283).[35]


The United States, Sweden and Iceland have some of the lowest rates of tuberculosis at 2 per 100,000.[35] Canada, Netherlands, Jamaica, Norway, Malta, Grenada and Antigua and Barbuda also have low infection rates, at 3 per 100,000. In North America, countries over 10:100,000 include Mexico (14), Belize (18), Bahamas (19), Panama (28), El Salvador (36), Nicaragua (35), Honduras (46), Guatemala (48), and the Dominican Republic (88).[35]


Most Western European countries have less than 10 per 100,000 except Spain (14) and Portugal (16), while Eastern and Southern European countries tend to have a greater number, with Romania (94) being the highest.[35]


In South America, the countries with the greatest rates of tuberculosis per 100,000 are Bolivia (30) and Guyana (18), with the remaining countries having less than 10:100,000.[36]


"One-third of the world's burden of tuberculosis (TB), or about 4.9 million prevalent cases, is found in the World Health Organization (WHO) South-East Asia Region."[37]


"About one-third of the world's population has latent TB, which means people have been infected by TB bacteria but are not (yet) ill with disease and cannot transmit the disease,"[8] and most of those cases are in developing countries.[7]


"In the US, over half of all active TB cases occur in immigrants. The reported cases of active TB in foreign-born persons has remained at 7000–8000 per year, while the number of cases in US-born people has dropped from 17,000 in 1993 to 6,500 in 2005. As a result, the percentage of active TB cases in immigrants has increased steadily (from 29% of all cases in 1993 to 54% in 2005),"[8] and most of those cases are in developing countries.[7]

Silent disease

Jasmer, R. M.; Nahid, P.; Hopewell, P. C. (2002). "Latent tuberculosis infection". . 347 (23): 1860–1866. doi:10.1056/NEJMcp021045. PMID 12466511.

New England Journal of Medicine

Mazurek, G. H.; Villarino, M. E. (2003). "Guidelines for using the QuantiFERON-TB test for diagnosing latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection". . 52 (RR–2): 15–18.

Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report

Ormerod, P.; Skinner, C.; Moore-Gillon, J.; Davies, P.; Connolly, M. (2000). . Thorax. 55 (11): 887–901. doi:10.1136/thorax.55.11.887. PMC 1745632. PMID 11050256.

"BTS Guidelines: control and prevention of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: Code of Practice 2000"