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Zimbabwe

Zimbabwe (/zɪmˈbɑːbw, -wi/; Shona pronunciation: [zi.ᵐba.ɓwe]), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia to the north, and Mozambique to the east. The capital and largest city is Harare, and the second largest is Bulawayo.

For other uses, see Zimbabwe (disambiguation).

Republic of Zimbabwe

Zimbabwean
Zimbo[6] (colloquial)

11 November 1965

2 March 1970

1 June 1979

18 April 1980

15 May 2013

390,757 km2 (150,872 sq mi) (60th)

1

16,868,409[7] (73rd)

15,178,957[8]

39/km2 (101.0/sq mi)

2023 estimate

Increase $44.448 billion[9] (131st)

Increase $2,749[9] (175th)

2023 estimate

Increase $32.424 billion[9] (106th)

Increase $2,005[9] (149th)

Negative increase 50.3[10]
high

Decrease 0.550[11]
medium (159th)

UTC+2 (CAT[14])

dd/mm/yyyy

A country of roughly 15 million people as per 2022 census,[15] Zimbabwe's largest ethnic group are the Shona, who make up 80% of the population, followed by the Northern Ndebele and other smaller minorities. Zimbabwe has 16 official languages,[3] with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most common. Zimbabwe is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community, the African Union, and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa.


Beginning in the 9th century, during its late Iron Age, the Bantu people (who would become the ethnic Shona) built the city-state of Great Zimbabwe; the city-state became one of the major African trade centres by the 11th century but was abandoned by the mid 15th century.[16] From there, the Kingdom of Zimbabwe was established, followed by the Rozvi and Mutapa empires. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes demarcated the Rhodesia region in 1890 when they conquered Mashonaland and later in 1893 Matabeleland after the First Matabele War. Company rule ended in 1923 with the establishment of Southern Rhodesia as a self-governing British colony. In 1965, the white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces; this culminated in a peace agreement that established de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980.


Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980, when his ZANU–PF party won the general election following the end of white minority rule and has remained the country's dominant party since. He was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987, after converting the country's initial parliamentary system into a presidential one, until his resignation in 2017. Under Mugabe's authoritarian regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations.[17] From 1997 to 2008 the economy experienced consistent decline (and in the latter years, hyperinflation), though it has since seen rapid growth after the use of currencies other than the Zimbabwean dollar was permitted. In 2017, in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe's rapidly declining economy, a coup d'état resulted in Mugabe's resignation. Emmerson Mnangagwa has since served as Zimbabwe's president.

Index of Zimbabwe-related articles

Outline of Zimbabwe

Burke, Jason (10 August 2019). . The Guardian.

"'Hungry kids collapse as looters take millions': life in today's Zimbabwe"

Barclay, Philip (2010), Zimbabwe: Years of Hope and Despair.

Bourne, Richard. Catastrophe: What Went Wrong in Zimbabwe? (2011); 302 pages.

McGregor, JoAnn; Primorac, Ranka, eds. (2010), Zimbabwe's New Diaspora: Displacement and the Cultural Politics of Survival, , 286 pages. Scholarly essays on displacement as a result of Zimbabwe's continuing crisis, with a focus on diasporic communities in Britain and South Africa; also explores such topics as the revival of Rhodesian discourse.

Berghahn Books

. Mugabe: Power, Plunder, and the Struggle for Zimbabwe's Future (2007) excerpt and text search.

Meredith, Martin

; Holmes, Annie (2011), Hope Deferred: Narratives of Zimbabwean Lives, Voice of witness.

Orner, Peter

Smith, Ian Douglas. Bitter Harvest: Zimbabwe and the Aftermath of its Independence (2008) .

excerpt and text search

David Coltart. The struggle continues: 50 Years of Tyranny in Zimbabwe. Jacana Media (Pty) Ltd: South Africa, 2016.

. Archived 23 December 2017 at the Wayback Machine.

Official Government of Zimbabwe web portal

Parliament of Zimbabwe

at Curlie

Zimbabwe

from the BBC News

Zimbabwe profile

Wikimedia Atlas of Zimbabwe

from UCB Libraries GovPubs

Zimbabwe

from International Futures

Key Development Forecasts for Zimbabwe

World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Zimbabwe