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Left- and right-hand traffic

Left-hand traffic (LHT) and right-hand traffic (RHT) are the practices, in bidirectional traffic, of keeping to the left side and to the right side of the road, respectively. They are fundamental to traffic flow, and are sometimes called the rule of the road.[1] The terms right- and left-hand drive refer to the position of the driver and the steering wheel in the vehicle and are, in automobiles, the reverse of the terms right- and left-hand traffic. The rule also includes where on the road a vehicle is to be driven, if there is room for more than one vehicle in the one direction, and the side on which the vehicle in the rear overtakes the one in the front. For example, a driver in an LHT country would typically overtake on the right of the vehicle being overtaken.

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RHT is used in 165 countries and territories, mainly in the Americas, Continental Europe, northern Africa and mainland Asia (except South Asia), while 75 countries use LHT,[2] which account for about a sixth of the world's land area, a quarter of its roads, and about a third of its population.[3] In 1919, 104 of the world's territories were LHT and an equal number were RHT. Between 1919 and 1986, 34 of the LHT territories switched to RHT.[4]


Many of the countries using LHT were part of the British Empire, while others, including Indonesia, Japan, Nepal, Bhutan, Macao, Thailand, Mozambique, Suriname, United States Virgin Islands, Sweden and Iceland (which use RHT since September 1967 and late May 1968 respectively), were not. Most of the countries that were part of the French colonial empire adopted RHT.


Historical switches of traffic handedness have often been motivated by factors such as changes in political administration, a desire for uniformity within a country or with neighboring states, or availability and affordability of vehicles.


In LHT, traffic keeps left and cars usually have the steering wheel on the right (RHD: right-hand drive) and roundabouts circulate clockwise. RHT is the opposite: traffic keeps right, the driver usually sits on the left side of the car (LHD: left-hand drive), and roundabouts circulate counterclockwise.


In most countries, rail traffic follows the handedness of the roads; but many of the countries that switched road traffic from LHT to RHT did not switch their trains. Boat traffic on rivers is RHT, regardless of location. Boats are traditionally piloted from the starboard side to facilitate priority to the right.

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Aircraft traffic[edit]

For aircraft the US Federal Aviation Regulations suggest RHT principles, both in the air and on water, and in aircraft with side-by-side cockpit seating, the pilot-in-command (or more senior flight officer) traditionally occupies the left seat.[102] However, helicopter practice tends to favour the right hand seat for the pilot-in-command, particularly when flying solo.[103]

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Right-hand traffic on Ontario Highway 401 in Canada

Right-hand traffic on Ontario Highway 401 in Canada

Right-hand traffic on Ayalon Highway in Israel

Right-hand traffic on Ayalon Highway in Israel

Right-hand traffic on Bundesautobahn 9 in Germany

Right-hand traffic on Bundesautobahn 9 in Germany

Right-hand traffic in Moscow, Russia

Right-hand traffic in Moscow, Russia

Right-hand traffic in Metro Manila, Philippines

Right-hand traffic in Metro Manila, Philippines

Right-hand traffic in Oslo, Norway

Right-hand traffic in Oslo, Norway

Right-hand traffic in Antalya, Turkey

Right-hand traffic in Antalya, Turkey

Right-hand traffic in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Right-hand traffic in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Left-hand traffic in Valletta, Malta

Left-hand traffic in Valletta, Malta

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Right-hand traffic in Pyongyang, North Korea

Right-hand traffic in Pyongyang, North Korea

Right-hand traffic on Gyeongbu Expressway in South Korea

Right-hand traffic on Gyeongbu Expressway in South Korea

Right-hand traffic in Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.

Right-hand traffic in Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.

Right-hand traffic in Beijing, China

Right-hand traffic in Beijing, China

Right-hand traffic in Taipei, Taiwan

Right-hand traffic in Taipei, Taiwan

Left-hand traffic on M1 motorway in the UK

Left-hand traffic on M1 motorway in the UK

Left-hand traffic on Kwun Tong Road in Hong Kong, China

Left-hand traffic on Kwun Tong Road in Hong Kong, China

Left-hand traffic on Western Express Highway in Mumbai, India

Left-hand traffic on Western Express Highway in Mumbai, India

Left-hand traffic in Macau, China

Left-hand traffic in Macau, China

Left-hand traffic on Suramadu Bridge in Indonesia

Left-hand traffic on Suramadu Bridge in Indonesia

Left-hand traffic on Eshima Ohashi Bridge in Japan

Left-hand traffic on Eshima Ohashi Bridge in Japan

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Left-hand traffic in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Left-hand traffic in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

Left-hand traffic in Singapore

Left-hand traffic in Singapore

Left-hand traffic in Bangkok, Thailand

Left-hand traffic in Bangkok, Thailand

Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929.

Gibraltar has been RHT since 1929.

Road sign reminding motorists to drive on the left in Ireland

Road sign reminding motorists to drive on the left in Ireland

Road sign in Kent placed on right-hand side of the road

Road sign in Kent placed on right-hand side of the road

Change of traffic directions at the Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge

Change of traffic directions at the Thai–Lao Friendship Bridge

Hook turn

Traffic-light signalling and operation

World Forum for Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations

(placemarks file, requires Google Earth)

Google Maps placemarks of border crossings where traffic changes sides

The Extraordinary Street Railways of Asunción, Paraguay

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Where the driver needs a good view of the nearside, e.g. , or vehicles driven along unstable road edges.[89] Similarly in mountainous areas the driver may be seated opposite side so that they have a better view of the road edge which may fall away for very many metres into the valley below. Swiss Postbuses in mountainous areas are a well known example.

street sweepers

Where it is more convenient for the driver to be on the nearside, e.g. delivery vehicles. The postal delivery truck is widely used with RHD configurations in RHT North America. Some Unimogs are designed to switch between LHD and RHD to permit operators to work on the more convenient side of the truck.

Grumman LLV

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