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Lumberjack

Lumberjack is a mostly North American term for workers in the logging industry who perform the initial harvesting and transport of trees. The term usually refers to loggers in the era before 1945 in the United States, when trees were felled using hand tools and dragged by oxen to rivers.

For other uses, see Lumberjack (disambiguation).

The work was difficult, dangerous, intermittent, low-paying, and involved living in primitive conditions. However, the men built a traditional culture that celebrated strength, masculinity, confrontation with danger, and resistance to modernization.[1]

Duncan

BC Forest Discovery Centre

Camp Five Museum

Lumberjack Steam Train

Central New Brunswick Woodsmen's Museum,

Boiestown, New Brunswick

Myrtle Point, Oregon

Coos County Logging Museum

historic site, near Asheville, North Carolina

Cradle of Forestry in America

Grand Rapids, Minnesota

Forest History Center

near Grayling, Michigan

Hartwick Pines Logging Museum

near Oscoda, Michigan

Lumberman's Monument

Bradley, Maine

Maine Forest & Logging Museum

near Galeton, Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania Lumber Museum

[18] in Algonquin Provincial Park, Ontario

Algonquin Logging Museum

Evolution[edit]

Tie hacking[edit]

A specialty form of logging involving the felling of trees for the production of railroad ties was known as tie hacking. These lumberjacks, called tie hacks, used saws to fell trees and cut to length, and a broad-axe to flatten two or all four sides of the log to create railroad ties. Later, portable saw mills were used to cut and shape ties. Tie hacking was an important form of logging in Wyoming and northern Colorado and the remains of tie hacking camps can be found on National Forest land. The remains of flumes can be seen near Dubois, Wyoming,[20] and Old Roach, Colorado. In addition, a decaying splash dam exists near the Old Roach site as well. There, tie hacks attempted to float logs down to the Laramie River for the annual spring tie drives, and the splash dam was used to collect winter snow-melt to increase the water flow for the tie drive.[21]

Safety[edit]

Lumberjacks and loggers have one of the most dangerous jobs in the United States. The constant danger of being around heavy equipment and chainsaws in unsafe areas maximizes the danger. Proper PPE consists of eye protection, head protection, ear protection, long sleeves, chaps (if working with a chainsaw), and steel toe boots. When entering this profession, it is emphasized to be on one's toes because individuals are responsible for their own safety to guard against many uncontrollable hazards in the timber. For example, the weather can cause a dangerous situation quicker than one may realize. Additionally, logs and trees often plummet down a mountainside with no regard for what is in the way. In the United States, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has resources dedicated for logging safety,[24] and the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has identified logging as a priority area of safety research under the National Occupational Research Agenda.[25]

Blackwater Ben, 2003, by , about a boy who gets to live with his father as a cook in a lumberjack camp

William Durbin

, 1964, by Ken Kesey (1964), about an Oregon family of gyppo loggers

Sometimes a Great Notion

Lumberjack, 1974, by , about his days working in a logging camp.[47]

William Kurelek

, 2006, by Maddox, lists the lumberjack as one of 26 examples (each corresponding to a letter of the alphabet) of the pinnacle of manliness

The Alphabet of Manliness

Arborist

Log boom

Log driving

Log scaler

Glossary of lumberjack jargon

Brock, Emily K. Money Trees: The Douglas Fir and American Forestry, 1900-1944 (Oregon State University Press, 2015). 272 pp.

Chaney, Michael P. White Pine on the Saco River: An Oral History of River Driving in Southern Maine (University of Maine Press, 1993)

Cox, Thomas R. The Lumberman's Frontier: Three Centuries of Land Use, Society, and Change in America's Forests (Oregon State University Press, 2010); 560 pages; examines successive frontier regions prized for lumber rather than farming, beginning with northern New England in the 17th century

Griffiths, Bus. Now You're Logging, Harbour Publishing, 1978.

Hayner, Norman S. "Taming the Lumberjack," American Sociological Review, Vol. 10, No. 2, (April, 1945), pp. 217–225 , description of lifestyle

in JSTOR

Karamanski, Theodore J. Deep Woods Frontier: A History of Logging in Northern Michigan (1989)

Lee, David. Lumber Kings and Shantymen. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: 2006.

Lemonds, James. Deadfall: Generations of Logging in the Pacific Northwest. Missoula: Mountain Press, 2001.

Mackay, Donald. "The Canadian Logging Frontier," Journal of Forest History 1979 23(1): 4-17

Radforth, Ian. Bushworkers and Bosses: Logging in Northern Ontario, 1900–1980 (University of Toronto Press, 1987).

Robbins, William G. Lumberjacks and Legislators: Political Economy of the U.S. Lumber Industry, 1890-1941 (Texas A. & M. U. Press, 1982). 268 pp.

Roberge, Earl. Timber Country. Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton Printers, 1973.

Rohe, Randall E. (1986). The Evolution of the Great Lakes Logging Camp, 1830-1930. Vol. 30. pp. 17–28. {{}}: |work= ignored (help)

cite book

Smith, David C. A History of Lumbering in Maine, 1861–1960 (University of Maine Press, 1972)

Sorden, L. G. and Vallier, Jacque. Lumberjack Lingo: A Dictionary of the Logging Era. (Ashland, Wis.: NorthWord, 1986). 288 pp.

Tomczik, Adam, "'He-men Could Talk to He-men in He-man Language'": Lumberjack Work Culture in Maine and Minnesota, 1840–1940," Historian Winter 2008, Vol. 70 Issue 4, pp 697–715

- photo from the Jones-Mashman Collection at Lake Macquarie Library.

William Reed (Timber getter) c.1930

University of Washington Libraries: Digital Collections

Clark Kinsey Photographs