Machine translation

Machine translation is use of either rule-based or probabilistic (i.e. statistical and, most recently, neural network-based) machine learning approaches to translation of text or speech from one language to another, including the contextual, idiomatic and pragmatic nuances of both languages.

Not to be confused with Computer-assisted translation, Interactive machine translation, or Translator (computing).

Translation from multiparallel sources[edit]

Some work has been done in the utilization of multiparallel corpora, that is a body of text that has been translated into 3 or more languages. Using these methods, a text that has been translated into 2 or more languages may be utilized in combination to provide a more accurate translation into a third language compared with if just one of those source languages were used alone.^[35]^[36]^[37]

A large-scale ontology is necessary to help parsing in the active modules of the machine translation system.

In the PANGLOSS example, about 50,000 nodes were intended to be subsumed under the smaller, manually-built upper (abstract) region of the ontology. Because of its size, it had to be created automatically.

algorithm

Both algorithms complemented each other and helped constructing a large-scale ontology for the machine translation system. The WordNet hierarchies, coupled with the matching definitions of LDOCE, were subordinated to the ontology's upper region. As a result, the PANGLOSS MT system was able to make use of this knowledge base, mainly in its generation element.

Copyright[edit]

Only works that are original are subject to copyright protection, so some scholars claim that machine translation results are not entitled to copyright protection because MT does not involve creativity.^[76] The copyright at issue is for a derivative work; the author of the original work in the original language does not lose his rights when a work is translated: a translator must have permission to publish a translation.

Cohen, J. M. (1986), "Translation", , vol. 27, pp. 12–15

Encyclopedia Americana

; Somers, Harold L. (1992). An Introduction to Machine Translation. London: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-362830-X.

Hutchins, W. John

Lewis-Kraus, Gideon (7 June 2015). "Tower of Babble". New York Times Magazine. pp. 48–52.

Weber, Steven; Mehandru, Nikita (2022). "The 2020s Political Economy of Machine Translation". Business and Politics. 24 (1): 96–112. :2011.01007. doi:10.1017/bap.2021.17. S2CID 226236853.

arXiv

The Advantages and Disadvantages of Machine Translation

Archived 24 June 2010 at the Wayback Machine

International Association for Machine Translation (IAMT)

Archived 1 April 2019 at the Wayback Machine by John Hutchins. An electronic repository (and bibliography) of articles, books and papers in the field of machine translation and computer-based translation technology

Machine Translation Archive

– Publications by John Hutchins (includes PDFs of several books on machine translation)

Machine translation (computer-based translation)

Machine Translation and Minority Languages

Archived 7 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine