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Mishnah

The Mishnah or the Mishna (/ˈmɪʃnə/; Hebrew: מִשְׁנָה, "study by repetition", from the verb shanah שנה‎, or "to study and review", also "secondary")[1] is the first major written collection of the Jewish oral traditions that are known as the Oral Torah. It is also the first major work of rabbinic literature.[2] The Mishnah was redacted by Judah ha-Nasi probably in Beit Shearim or Sepphoris[3] between the ending of the second century and the beginning of the 3rd century CE[4][5] in a time when the persecution of Jews and the passage of time raised the possibility that the details of the oral traditions of the Pharisees from the Second Temple period (516 BCE – 70 CE) would be forgotten.

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Most of the Mishnah is written in Mishnaic Hebrew, but some parts are in Palestinian Western Aramaic.

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Cultural references[edit]

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Some scholars hold that there has been extensive editorial reshaping of the stories and statements within the Mishnah (and later, in the Talmud.) Lacking outside confirming texts, they hold that we cannot confirm the origin or date of most statements and laws, and that we can say little for certain about their authorship. In this view, the questions above are impossible to answer. See, for example, the works of , Baruch M. Bokser, Shaye J. D. Cohen, Steven D. Fraade.

Louis Jacobs

Some scholars hold that the Mishnah and Talmud have been extensively shaped by later editorial redaction, but that it contains sources which we can identify and describe with some level of reliability. In this view, sources can be identified to some extent because each era of history and each distinct geographical region has its own unique feature, which one can trace and analyze. Thus, the questions above may be analyzed. See, for example, the works of Goodblatt, Lee Levine, David C. Kraemer and Robert Goldenberg.

Some scholars hold that many or most of the statements and events described in the Mishnah and Talmud usually occurred more or less as described, and that they can be used as serious sources of historical study. In this view, historians do their best to tease out later editorial additions (itself a very difficult task) and skeptically view accounts of miracles, leaving behind a reliable historical text. See, for example, the works of , David Weiss Halivni, Avraham Goldberg and Dov Zlotnick.

Saul Lieberman

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Baraita

Jewish commentaries on the Bible

List of tractates, chapters, mishnahs and pages in the Talmud

 – daily cycle of Mishna studying

Mishnah Yomis

Mishneh Torah