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Music education

Music education is a field of practice in which educators are trained for careers as elementary or secondary music teachers, school or music conservatory ensemble directors. Music education is also a research area in which scholars do original research on ways of teaching and learning music. Music education scholars publish their findings in peer-reviewed journals, and teach undergraduate and graduate education students at university education or music schools, who are training to become music teachers.

"Music teacher" redirects here. For other uses, see Music teacher (disambiguation).

Music education touches on all learning domains, including the domain (the development of skills), the cognitive domain (the acquisition of knowledge), and, in particular and the affective domain (the learner's willingness to receive, internalize, and share what is learned), including music appreciation and sensitivity. Many music education curriculums incorporate the usage of mathematical skills as well fluid usage and understanding of a secondary language or culture. The consistency of practicing these skills has been shown to benefit students in a multitude of other academic areas as well as improving performance on standardized tests such as the ACT and SAT. Music training from preschool through post-secondary education is common because involvement with music is considered a fundamental component of human culture and behavior. Cultures from around the world have different approaches to music education, largely due to the varying histories and politics. Studies show that teaching music from other cultures can help students perceive unfamiliar sounds more comfortably, and they also show that musical preference is related to the language spoken by the listener and the other sounds they are exposed to within their own culture.


During the 20th century, many distinctive approaches were developed or further refined for the teaching of music, some of which have had widespread impact. The Dalcroze method (eurhythmics) was developed in the early 20th century by Swiss musician and educator Émile Jaques-Dalcroze. The Kodály Method emphasizes the benefits of physical instruction and response to music. The Orff Schulwerk approach to music education leads students to develop their music abilities in a way that parallels the development of western music.


The Suzuki method creates the same environment for learning music that a person has for learning their native language. Gordon Music Learning Theory provides the music teacher with a method for teaching musicianship through audiation, Gordon's term for hearing music in the mind with understanding. Conversational Solfège immerses students in the musical literature of their own culture, in this case American. The Carabo-Cone Method involves using props, costumes, and toys for children to learn basic musical concepts of staff, note duration, and the piano keyboard. The concrete environment of the specially planned classroom allows the child to learn the fundamentals of music by exploring through touch.[1] The MMCP (Manhattanville Music Curriculum Project) aims to shape attitudes, helping students see music as personal, current, and evolving. Popular music pedagogy is the systematic teaching and learning of rock music and other forms of popular music both inside and outside formal classroom settings. Some have suggested that certain musical activities can help to improve breath, body and voice control of a child.[2]

Cross-cultural music education[edit]

The music, languages, and sounds we are exposed to within our own cultures determine our tastes in music and affect the way we perceive the music of other cultures. Many studies have shown distinct differences in the preferences and abilities of musicians from around the world. One study attempted to view the distinctions between the musical preferences of English and Japanese speakers, providing both groups of people with the same series of tones and rhythms. The same type of study was done for English and French speakers. Both studies suggested that the language spoken by the listener determined which groupings of tones and rhythms were more appealing, based on the inflections and natural rhythm groupings of their language.[55]


Another study had Europeans and Africans try to tap along with certain rhythms. European rhythms are regular and built on simple ratios, while African rhythms are typically based on irregular ratios. While both groups of people could perform the rhythms with European qualities, the European group struggled with the African rhythms. This has to do with the ubiquity of complex polyrhythm in African culture and their familiarity with this type of sound.[55]


While each culture has its own musical qualities and appeals, incorporating cross-cultural curricula in our music classrooms can help teach students how to better perceive music from other cultures. Studies show that learning to sing folk songs or popular music of other cultures is an effective way to understand a culture as opposed to merely learning about it. If music classrooms discuss the musical qualities and incorporate styles from other cultures, such as the Brazilian roots of the Bossa Nova, the Afro-Cuban clave, and African drumming, it will expose students to new sounds and teach them how to compare their cultures’ music to the different music and start to make them more comfortable with exploring sounds.[56]

Founding of the Music Supervisor's National Conference (changed to Music Educators National Conference in 1934, later in 1998, and currently The National Association for Music Education – NAfME) in Keokuk, Iowa in 1907.

MENC: The National Association for Music Education

Rise of the school band and orchestra movement leading to performance oriented school music programs.

Growth in music publications.

methods

develops and promotes phonograph record libraries for school use.

Frances Elliot Clark

and his Measures of Musical Talent music aptitude test starts testing people in music.

Carl Seashore

Australia[edit]

Although the National Curriculum for schools includes music under its Arts component,[95] research published in 2005 and 2020 have shown that it varies widely from state to state and school to school, with some students receiving none at all. By state and territory: Queensland's state primary schools has enjoyed good music programs since the 1980s; South Australia's music education strategy and fund was formed in 2019; Victoria has a best practice framework; Tasmania, Western Australia, and the ACT employs specialist teachers in some primary schools; in New South Wales, generalist teachers are responsible for teaching the whole primary school curriculum in state schools. [96]


In November 2018, ABC Television aired Don't Stop The Music, a three-part series which documented the launch and progress of a music program in a primary school in an underprivileged area of Perth, Western Australia. It showed the positive effects of the program on the students and their families, as well as the teachers. A broader project encouraged members of the public to donate musical instruments to disadvantaged schools, which led to Musica Viva Australia receiving over 4,500 instruments to process.[97] The series featured popular musician Guy Sebastian and researcher and music educator Anita Collins, and was also supported by the Salvation Army.[98]

American Choral Directors Association

American Orff-Schulwerk Association

American String Teachers Association

[99]

International Association for Jazz Education

International Society for Music Education

[100]

International Society for Philosophy of Music Education

(US-based: also called NafME, and previously MENC)

National Association for Music Education

Music Teachers National Association

(NNME)

Nordic Network for Music Education

Basic Concepts in Music Education

Colored music notation

Musical Futures

Music education for young children

Music school

Musicology

Research in Music Education

Timeline of jazz education

Visual arts education

Vocal coach

Anderson, William M. and Patricia Shehan Campbell, eds. Multicultural Perspectives in Music Education. Reston, VA: Music Educators National Conference, 1989.

Campbell, Patricia Shehan. Teaching Music Globally. New York: Oxford University Press, 2004.

DeBakey, Michael E., MD. Leading Heart Surgeon, Baylor College of Music.

Kertz-Welzel, Alexandra. "The Singing Muse: Three Centuries of Music Education in Germany." Journal of Historical Research in Music Education XXVI no. 1 (2004): 8-27.

Kertz-Welzel, Alexandra. "Didaktik of Music: A German Concept and its Comparison to American Music Pedagogy." International Journal of Music Education (Practice) 22 No. 3 (2004): 277–286.

Kertz-Welzel, Alexandra. Every Child for Music: Musikpädagogik und Musikunterricht in den USA. Musikwissenschaft/Musikpädagogik in der Blauen Eule, no. 74. Essen, Germany: Verlag Die Blaue Eule, 2006.  3-89924-169-X.

ISBN

"My Cello" in Turkle, Sherry (editor), Evocative objects : things we think with, Cambridge, Mass. : MIT Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0-262-20168-1

Machover, Tod

Pete Moser and George McKay, eds. (2005) Community Music: A Handbook. Russell House Publishing.  1-903855-70-5.

ISBN

National Standards for Arts Education. Reston, VA: Music Educators National Conference (MENC), 1994.  1-56545-036-1.

ISBN

Neurological Research, Vol. 19, February 1997.

Ratey, John J., MD. A User's Guide to the Brain. New York: Pantheon Books, 2001.

Rauscher, F.H., et al. "Music and Spatial Task Performance: A Causal Relationship," University of California, Irvine, 1994.

"The Measurement of Musical Talent", New York, G. Schirmer, 1915

Seashore, Carl

Seashore, Carl, "The Psychology of Musical Talent", Boston, New York [etc.] Silver, Burdett and Company, 1919

Seashore, Carl, "Approaches to the Science of Music and Speech", Iowa City, The University, 1933

Seashore, Carl, , New York, London, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1938

"Psychology of Music"

Schippers, Huib. Facing the Music. New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Sorce Keller, Marcello (1984). "Music in Higher Education in Italy and in the United States: the Pros and Cons of Tradition and Innovation". Symposium. XXIV: 140–147.

Sorce Keller, Marcello (1987). "Music Education in Italy: Something New on the Western Front". International Journal of Music Education. 10: 17–19. :10.1177/025576148701000103. S2CID 144087060.

doi

Sorin-Avram, Vîrtop (2015). . Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 191: 2500–4. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.04.443.

"The Musical Education: From Testing the Ground to General Culture Acquisition"

Weinberger, Norm. "The Impact of Arts on Learning." MuSICa Research Notes 7, no. 2 (Spring 200).

Barrett, Margaret, 2010. A Cultural Psychology of Music Education. New York: Oxford University Press.

Kertz-Welzel, Alexandra. "Piano Improvisation Develops Musicianship." Orff-Echo XXXVII No. 1 (2004): 11–14.

Lundquist, Barbara R.; Sims, Winston T. (Autumn 1996). "African-American Music Education: Reflections on an Experience". Black Music Research Journal. 16 (2): 311–336. :10.2307/779334. ISSN 0276-3605. JSTOR 779334.

doi

McPherson, Gary (2006). The Child as Musician. New York: Oxford University Press.

McPherson, Gary and Graham Welch (2012). The Oxford Handbook of Research in Music Education. New York: Oxford University Press.

Mark, Michael L.; Gary, Charles L. (2007). (3 ed.). Rowman & Littlefield Education. ISBN 978-1-57886-523-9.

A history of American music education

Schafer, R. Murray (1965). The Composer in the Classroom. Toronto: B.M.I. Canada. 37 p.

Serenko, A. (2011). Student satisfaction with Canadian music programs: The application of the American Customer Satisfaction Model in higher education. .

Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 36(3): 281-299

Woodall, Laura and Brenda Ziembroski, (2002). .

Promoting Literacy Through Music

Yarbrough, Cornelia (Winter 1984). "A Content Analysis of the "Journal of Research in Music Education", 1953-1983". Journal of Research in Music Education. 32 (4): 213–222. :10.2307/3344920. ISSN 0022-4294. JSTOR 3344920. S2CID 144010105.

doi

Media related to Music education at Wikimedia Commons